臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

由於目前幾乎所有的數位邏輯電路、類比電路以及混合信號電路都含有參考電壓源元件，穩定的晶片內建參考電壓源已是電子系統中不可或缺的角色。能隙參考電壓產生電路即是現今常用的參考電壓源，其藉著對溫度的高穩定性(即輸出電壓對溫度變化的低靈敏度)，和對電源電壓變化的高抵抗力，廣泛地應用在類比數位轉換器、數位類比轉換器、電壓整流器，以及量測系統上。
本文首先以三端可調式並聯型穩壓器TL-431為分析與設計藍本，
使用漢磊5um 40V Bipolar製程，藉由兩個外部電阻來獲得不同的輸出電壓與電流，使本電路可應用在不同的電路中。經由對能隙參考電壓電路的分析及模擬後，具有2.5~36V的輸出電壓及100mA的承載電流，輸出電壓在-25℃~125℃的溫度範圍內具有低於10ppm/℃的特性。
本文亦提出一操作於3.3V工作電壓下之CMOS能隙參考電壓電路，
其使用TSMC 0.25um 1P5M 製程。設計完成的電路具有模擬結果37.7 ppm/℃的溫度係數，而量測結果具有40 ppm/℃的溫度係數。

Almost all of the digital logic circuits, analog circuits and mixed-signal circuits need reference voltage devices. A stable built-in reference voltage sources become indispensable for most high performance circuits. Bandgap reference voltage generator circuit is the most popular reference voltage source. It is extensively used in analog-to-digital converter, digital-to-analog, voltage rectifier, and measurement system circuits, since it is quite insensitivity to temperature variation (i.e. low sensitivity of output voltage varying with temperature) and high rejection ratio of power supply (PSRR).
The three-terminal adjustable shunt regulator TL-431 circuit structure was used for the circuit analysis and design. We use EPISIL 5um 40V process to design this bandgap circuit. Two external resistors were used to gain different output voltages. The simulation results demonstrated that this bandgap could have output voltage from 2.5 volts to 36 volts with 100mA sink current capability, temperature coefficient (TC) was lower than 10ppm/℃with the temperature range from
-25℃ to 125℃.
A 3.3V CMOS bandgap reference voltage is also designed in this thesis. The TSMC 0.25um 1P5M process is used for this design. The simulated and measured TC of this bandgap circuit were 37.7ppm/℃ and 40 ppm/℃, respectively.

第一章 序論……………………………………………………………1
1.1 研究背景…………………………………………………………….1
1.2 研究動機…………………………………………………………….2
1.3 設計流程…………………………………………………………….3
1.4 本文架構…………………………………………………………….5
第二章 能隙參考電壓源之設計原理…………………………………..6
2.1 簡介………………………………………………………………….6
2.2 VBE 的溫度特性…………………………………………………….8
2.3 PTAT產生電路………………………………………………………9
2.4 VBE的高階溫度效應………………………………………………..11
2.5 能隙參考電壓源之基本架構………………………………………16
2.6 常見之能隙參考電壓源……………………………………………20
2.6.1 Widlar能隙參考電壓源…………………………………………20
2.6.2 Brokaw能隙參考電壓源…………………………………………21
2.6.3 Kujik's能隙參考電壓源…………………………………………23
2.6.4 Song''s能隙參考電壓源…………………………………………25
2.7 運算放大器之偏移誤差修正………………………………………29
第三章 能隙參考電壓源之設計………………………………………32
3.1 引言………………………………………………………………...32
3.2 TL-431 電路架構…………………………………………………..32
3.2.1 能隙參考電壓電路………………………………………………33
3.2.2 差動放大器電路…………………………………………………34
3.2.3 輸出級電路………………………………………………………35
3.3 TL-431電路分析……………………………………………………36
3.4 TL-431電路設計與模擬結果………………………………………37
3.5 1.25V 能隙參考電壓源電路分析…………………………………44
3.6 1.25V 能隙參考電壓源模擬與測試結果…………………………46
第四章 佈局……………………………………………………………51
4.1 前言……………………………………………………………….51
4.2 Bipolar製程之佈局………………………………………………51
4.3 CMOS製程之佈局………………………………………………....56
4.4 電路佈局考量……………………………………………………….58
第五章 結論與未來發展………………………………………………62
附錄A…………………………………………………………………...63
參考文獻………………………………………………………………..66

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