臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

傳統應用單回聲隱藏的浮水印技術擁有相當多的優點，但仍有一些缺點，如解碼的保密性不夠、無法承受多重編碼等。本文提出以衰減式pseudo-noise（PN）序列來模擬真實環境的回聲，並以此為嵌入音訊浮水印的基礎，PN序列的每個回聲依照其模擬返回的順序，振幅越來越小，因此在聽覺上幾乎無法感覺到以此嵌入之浮水印的存在，但根據我們的實驗結果，在解碼效能上卻不遜於傳統時域展延法。強健度的實驗比較與浮水印透明度的分析，都在本文後段的實驗結果。

Conventional watermarking techniques based on single echo hiding provide many benefits, but also have several disadvantages, for example, a lenient decoding process, weakness against multiple encoding attacks, etc. In this work, we propose an exponential decay time-spread echo as an alternative to the time-spread echo method in conventional echo hiding. Spreading an echo in the time domain is achieved by using pseudo-noise (PN) sequences with exponential decay. By exponential-decay spreading the echo, the amplitude of each echo can be reduced, i.e., the energy of each echo becomes smaller with the increase of its offset in the time domain, so that the distortion induced by watermarking is imperceptible to humans while the decoding performance of the embedded watermarks is better maintained as compared with the case of conventional time-spread echo hiding, as shown by computer simulations, in which several parameters, such as the maximum amplitude and decay constant, were varied. Robustness against typical signal processing was also evaluated in these simulations and showed fair performance. Results of a transparency SNR using some pieces of music showed good imperceptibility.

摘要 i
Abstract ii
Acknowledgement iii
Contents iv
List of Tables vii
List of Figures viii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Human Auditory System 4
2.1 Psychoacoustic Principles 4
2.2 Absolute Threshold of Hearing 5
2.3 Critical Bands 7
2.4 Simultaneous Masking, Masking Asymmetry, and the Spread of Masking 13
2.5 Nonsimultaneous Masking 19

Chapter 3 Audio Watermark and Data Hiding 22
3.1 Watermark and Data Hiding 22
3.1.1 History of Data Hiding 22
3.1.2 Watermark and Cryptography 23
3.2 Main Digital Audio Watermarks 25
3.2.1 Low-bit Coding 25
3.2.2 Phase Coding 26
3.2.3 Echo Hiding 27
3.2.4 Spread Spectrum 27
3.3 Features and Comparison 28
3.3.1 Features of Digital Audio Watermark 28
3.3.2 Comparison of Main Watermarking Techniques 30
Chapter 4 Time-Spread Echo Hiding 32
4.1 Single Echo Hiding 32
4.1.1 Fundamental Concept 32
4.1.2 Encoding Process 32
4.1.3 Decoding Process 36
4.2 Time-Spread Echo Hiding 37
4.2.1 Fundamental Concept 37
4.2.2 Encoding Process 38
4.2.3 Decoding Process 40
4.3 Proposed Time-Spread Echo Hiding 46
4.3.1 Fundamental Concept 46
4.3.2 Encoding Process 48
4.3.3 Decoding Process 49

Chapter 5 Evaluation 52
5.1 Recovery rate 52
5.2 Transparency 54
5.3 Decoding Performance 55
5.4 Robustness 57
Low-pass Filter 57
MP3 Codec 58
Re-quantize : D/A, A/D modeling 58
5.5 Discussion 60

Chapter 6 Conclusion and Future Work 66
6.1 Conclusion 66
6.2 Future Work 66
References 67
Curriculum Vita 70

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