臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

企業, 企業活動與社會功能是大學生創業生涯決定的重要因素，本研究報告主要評估男性與女性對於企業精神的態度與看法。研究報告的數據根據李克特量表(Likert scale) 所做的問卷調查，參與研究調查的對象為460位就讀於南非辛巴威大學大學生。本研究指出此次參與調查的大學生,偏向於企業的冒險創新，同時數據顯示男性與女性對於自我創業的意念上，並沒有特別顯著的差異。然而, 男性對於自我創業喜好度與自我創業可能性有較女性高度的認知。而 女性的自我創業喜好度與自我創業可能性相關於自我創業意念。女性在自我創業喜好度與自我創業可能性的評估較男性更具真實性。此次研究報告結果是透過多次的面談來了解學生們的認知，結果的正確性必需藉由更仔細且精確的認知分析並運用其他不同人種參與研究。

There is a general consensus in literature that perceptions and attitudes towards the entrepreneur, entrepreneurial activity, and its social function are determining factors for university students to decide on an entrepreneurial career. The purpose of this empirical study is to assess and compare the attitudes and perceptions of male and female university students towards entrepreneurship in Zimbabwe.
Data for this research was generated using a questionnaire on a Likert scale. The subjects of this investigation were 460 university students from the University of Zimbabwe (UZ). Both males and females have a favorable perception of new venture creation and entrepreneurs. Additionally, the empirical data suggests that there is no statistically significant difference between the self-employment intent of females and that of men. However men tend to have higher perception of self–employment perceived desirability and self–employment perceived feasibility as compared to women. Interestingly, the female responses to self–employment perceived desirability and self–employment perceived feasibility had more correlation with self–employment intent as compared to that of men indicating a more realistic assessment of the perceptions of feasibility and desirability of entrepreneurship by females. The results obtained in this study are based on student perception and quantitative interviews. The validity of these results should be confirmed by a more detailed qualitative analysis of perceptions and application of the research questions to other demographic groups.

1 Introduction: Summary of the Thesis 1
1.1 Chapter Orientation 1
1.2 Entrepreneurship 1
1.3 Entrepreneurship and intention 2
1.4 Gender differences in entrepreneurial intention 4
1.5 Problem statement and general purpose of the thesis 5
1.6 Context of the thesis 7
1.7 Relevance and justification of the study 9
1.8 Research Methodology 11
1.8.1 Sample 11
1.8.2 Procedure 11
1.9 Scope of the study 11
1.10 Outline of the thesis 12
2 Background of Zimbabwe 14
2.1 Chapter Orientation 14
2.2 An Appraisal of the Zimbabwean Economy 14
2.3 A brief political history of Zimbabwe 15
2.4 A brief economic history of Zimbabwe 16
2.5 Entrepreneurship research in Zimbabwe 17
2.6 Entrepreneurship from a gender perspective in Zimbabwe 18
2.7 Trends in entrepreneurship in Zimbabwe 19
2.8 Barriers to entrepreneurship in Zimbabwe 20
2.8.1 Lack of relevant skills 20
2.8.2 Lack of Adequate Capital 22
2.8.3 Lack of Support 23
2.9 Research questions 24
3 Theory development 25
3.1 General theoretical framework 25
3.1.1 Research in Entrepreneurship 25
3.1.2 Defining entrepreneurship 26
3.1.3 The entrepreneur 27
3.2 Literature review 28
3.2.1 Entrepreneurship and gender 28
3.2.2 Gender differences in entrepreneurship intention 29
3.3 Evolution of Entrepreneurial Intention Models 31
3.3.1 Shapero’s Entrepreneurial Event (EE) model 31
3.3.2 Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) 32
3.3.3 Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation scale (EAO) 32
3.3.4 Entrepreneurial Potential (EP) Model 32
3.3.5 Davidsson’s Model 33
3.4 Entrepreneurial Potential (EP) Model 34
3.5 Antecedents of self-employment intention 36
3.6 The basic assumptions of the Social Cognitive theory 37
3.7 Self-efficacy as an antecedent self-employment 38
3.8 Determinates of self –efficacy. 39
3.9 Entrepreneurship and Past Experiences 40
3.10 Hypothesis testing 41
3.10.1 The variable gender 42
3.10.2 The variable prior entrepreneurial experience- mastery experience 43
3.10.3 The variable individuals with relatives who are entrepreneurs – vicarious experience 44
3.10.4 The variable prior work experience – social influence 45
3.11 Concluding Notes 46
4 Research Methodology 47
4.1 Chapter Orientation 47
4.2 Developing the Survey Instruments 47
4.3 Determining units the of investigation 48
4.4 Questionnaire conceptualization 49
4.5 Measures 50
4.5.1 The dependent construct 50
4.5.2 The independent constructs. 50
4.5.3 Moderating variable 53
4.6 Establishing validity of questionnaire 55
4.7 Establishing reliability of questionnaire 56
4.7.1 Updating questionnaire 57
4.8 Data Collection and the Sample 58
4.8.1 The data collection procedure 58
4.8.2 The Sample 59
4.8.3 Sample size and statistical power 59
4.8.4 Sample profile 60
4.9 Quantitative Analysis Procedure 61
4.10 Statistical conclusion validity 61
4.11 Analysis of Data 62
4.12 Methodological limitation 63
4.13 Conclusion 64
5 Research Results and Discussion 65
5.1 Chapter orientation 65
5.2 Description of data 65
5.2.1 Gender distribution in the sample 66
5.2.2 Gender self-employment intention, feasibility and desire 66
5.2.3 Gender and age 68
5.2.4 Gender and educational field 68
5.2.5 Gender and the number of jobs held 69
5.2.6 Gender and attempting to start a business 69
5.2.7 Gender and relatives who are entrepreneurs 71
5.3 Summary of the description of the data set 72
5.4 Research questions 73
5.4.1 Do university students in Zimbabwe think they can rely on the government for their retirement? 73
5.4.2 Do university students in Zimbabwe believe entrepreneurship can improve the welfare of the country? 75
5.4.3 Do university student in Zimbabwe have a positive perception of entrepreneurs lifestyle? 76
5.4.4 Do university students in Zimbabwe think their current education equips them for an entrepreneurial career? 78
5.4.5 What is the student’s image of the entrepreneur? 81
5.4.6 What extent is entrepreneurial status attainment perceived to be determined by luck? 84
5.5 Research questions summary 85
5.6 Testing hypothesis 1 86
5.7 Testing hypothesis 2 88
5.8 Testing hypothesis 3 90
5.9 Testing hypothesis 4 92
5.10 Testing hypothesis 5 96
5.11 Testing hypothesis 6 98
5.12 Summary of hypothesis testing 100
5.13 Impact of gender 102
5.14 Chapter conclusion 103
6 Limitations, Recommendations for Future Research and Conclusion 105
6.1 Limitations 105
6.2 Agenda for future research 107
6.2.1 Measurement 107
6.2.2 Methodology 108
6.2.3 Identifying and Testing Events that Precipitate 108
6.2.4 Areas for Further Research in Zimbabwe 108
6.3 Conclusion 109
References 110
Appendix I -Initial questionnaire used in the pilot sample study 119
Appendix II: Final questionnaire used in the study 122
Appendix III: Table for determining sample size - Robert V Krejcie. 125

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