臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

我們利用奈米金屬與金屬氧化物結合奈米碳材研發出多功能性與多樣化的化學感測器與生物電化學感測器。還原態氧化石墨烯 (Reduced graphene oxide, RGO) 與氧化鋅奈米粒子 (zinc oxide, ZnO) 應用於非酵素型生物感測器對雙氧水進行即時偵測，並且也可將上述材料結合葡糖糖氧化脢發展出新型的葡萄糖感測器。多層奈米碳管(multiwalled carbon nanotubes, MWCNTs) 與氧化鋅奈米粒子結合血紅蛋白脢(hemoglobin, HB)與葡萄糖氧化脢可對雙氧水與葡萄糖做即時偵測。此外，石墨烯結合鈷奈米粒子(GN/Co3O4-NPs)也可發展出新型的葡萄糖感測器。還原態氧化石墨烯結合銀奈米粒子可用來當作葡糖糖氧化酵素的基材來發展葡萄糖感測器。原態氧化石墨烯與銅奈米粒子可做為一個對對二本酚、鄰苯二酚與間苯二酚 (hydroquinone, HQ; catachol, CC; and resorcinol, RC) 多樣性的生化感測器。生物感測器與化學感測器的表面分析技術利用電子顯微鏡 (scanning electron microscopy, SEM) 與產發是電子顯微鏡 (field emission scanning electron microscopy, FESEM) 來做分析與探討。並且利用多種電化學分法來對生化感測器的表面覆蓋率(surface coverage concentration, Г) 與電子轉移速率(electron transfer rate constant, Ks) 做分析與探討。

Highly sensitive and selective novel electrochemical sensors and biosensors were fabricated using various composite modified electrodes, such as carbon nanomaterials/metal oxide and or metal nanoparticles. The reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and a zinc oxide (ZnO) composite modified electrode has been used for the enzyme free detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Moreover, it also has been used as an immobilization matrix of glucose oxidase to construct the glucose biosensor. The model enzymes such as hemoglobin (HB) and GOx were immobilized at multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and ZnO composite surface and used for the selective detection of H2O2 and glucose, respectively. Another glucose biosensor and H2O2 has been developed using a hydrothermally synthesized graphene/cobalt oxide nanoparticles (GN/Co3O4-NPs) composite. The electrochemically fabricated RGO/silver nanoparticles (Ag) composite has also been used as an immobilization matrix for GOx. An electrochemical sensor for the selective and simultaneous detection of dihydroxy benzene isomers (hydroquinone (HQ), catachol (CC) and resorcinol (RC) has been fabricated using RGO/copper nanoparticles (RGO/Cu-NPs) composite modified electrode. The direct electrochemistry and electrochemical, electrocatalytic behavior of immobilized GOx and Hb at composite modified electrodes have also been studied in detail. The surface morphology of fabricated composites has been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The selectivity, stability and the practical applications of the developed electrochemical sensors and biosensors have also been studied. The electroanalytical parameters such as sensitivity, linear detection range and detection limit have also been evaluated for the fabricated sensors. In addition, surface coverage concentration (Г) and electron transfer rate constant (Ks) have also been calculated for enzymatic biosensors.

Chapter 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION----------------------------------------------------- 1
1.1 Electrochemical sensors and biosensors------------------------------------------- 1
1.2 Carbon nanomaterial------------------------------------------------------------------ 5
1.2.1 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)----------------------------------------------------------- 6
1.2.2 Graphene------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
1.3 Metal nanoparticles-------------------------------------------------------------------
13
1.4 Metal oxides---------------------------------------------------------------------------
14
1.5 Electrochemical methods------------------------------------------------------------ 15
1.5.1 Cyclic Voltammetry------------------------------------------------------------------ 17
1.5.2 Linear sweep Voltammetry---------------------------------------------------------- 17
1.5.3 Differential pulse Voltammetry----------------------------------------------------- 18
1.5.4 Amperometry-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
1.5.5 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy----------------------------------------- 19
1.6 Objectives------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 19
Chapter 2 A novel nonenzymatic hydrogen peroxide and enzymatic glucose biosensor based on reduced graphene oxide/ZnO composite modified electrode--------
21
2.1 Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
2.2 Experimental--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23
2.2.1 Materials-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23
2.2.2 Apparatus------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23
2.2.3 Fabrication of RGO/ZnO/GOx composite----------------------------------------- 24
2.3 Results and discussions-------------------------------------------------------------- 24
2.3.1 Electrochemical preparation and the formation mechanism of RGO/ZnO composite-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
24
2.3.2 ATR studies---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
2.3.3 Morphological study of RGO/ZnO composite------------------------------------ 28
2.3.4 Electrocatalytic activity of H2O2 at RGO/ZnO composite----------------------- 30
2.3.5 Direct electrochemistry of GOx at RGO/ZnO composite modified electrode--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
31
2.3.6 Different scan rate studies of the RGO/ZnO/GOx composite modified electrode--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
33
2.3.7 Effect of pH---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34
2.3.8 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies------------------------- 35
2.3.9 Amperometric determination of H2O2 at RGO/ZnO composite modified electrode--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
36
2.3.10 Electrocatalysis of oxygen and glucose at the RGO/ZnO/GOx modified electrode--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
38
2.3.11 Anti-interference study of the developed H2O2 sensor--------------------------- 40
2.4 Conclusions --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42
Chapter 3 Electrochemical fabrication of MWCNTs/ZnO composite for the application of enzymatic glucose and hydrogen peroxide sensor--------------
44
3.1 Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45
3.2 Experimental -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46
3.2.1 Chemicals------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 46
3.2.2 Apparatus ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 47
3.2.3 Electrochemical preparation of MWCNT/ZnO composite --------------------- 48
3.2.4 Fabrication of MWCNT/ZnO/Hb biosensor -------------------------------------- 48
3.2.5 Fabrication of MWCNT/ZnO/GOx biosensor ------------------------------------ 48
3.3 Results and discussions -------------------------------------------------------------- 49
3.3.1 Electrochemical formation mechanism of MWCNT/ZnO composite --------- 49
3.3.2 Surface morphological study ------------------------------------------------------- 51
3.3.3 UV–VIS spectroscopic analysis----------------------------------------------------- 53
3.3.4 Direct electrochemistry of Hb ------------------------------------------------------ 54
3.3.5 Direct electrochemistry of GOx ---------------------------------------------------- 56
3.3.6 Effect of different scan rare and pH of Hb immobilized MWCNT/ZnO composite-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
58
3.3.7 Effect of different scan rare and pH of GOx immobilized MWCNT/ZnO composite ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
60
3.3.8 Electrocatalysis of H2O2 at MWCNT/ZnO/Hb composite film ---------------- 62
3.3.9 Electrocatalysis of MWCNT/ZnO/GOx composite film towards glucose oxidation and oxygen reduction ---------------------------------------------------- 64
3.3.10 Amperometric H2O2 reduction studies -------------------------------------------- 66
3.3.11 Selectivity of the H2O2 biosensor--------------------------------------------------- 67
3.3.12 Amperometric determination of glucose at MWCNT/ZnO/GOx modified RDE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
69
3.3.13 Anti-interference study of the glucose biosensor -------------------------------- 71
3.3.14 Real sample analysis for H2O2------------------------------------------------------ 74
3.3.15 Real sample analysis for glucose --------------------------------------------------- 75
3.4 Conclusions --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 76
Chapter 4 A novel enzymatic glucose biosensor and sensitive non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensor based on graphene and cobalt oxide nanoparticles composite modified glassy carbon electrode---------------------

77
4.1 Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 77
4.2 Experimental -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 79
4.2.1 Chemicals ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 79
4.2.2 Apparatus ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 79
4.2.3 Synthesis of GN/Co3O4-NPs composite and immobilization of GOx--------- 80
4.3 Results and discussions -------------------------------------------------------------- 81
4.3.1 Characterization of the GN/Co3O4-NPs composite ------------------------------ 81
4.3.2 Direct electrochemistry of GOx at GN/Co3O4-NPs composite ---------------- 84
4.3.3 Electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose and O2 reduction at GN/Co3O4-NPs/GOx composite modified electrode-------------------------------------------
87
4.3.4 Electrocatalytic reduction of H2O2 at GN/Co3O4-NPs composite ------------- 89
4.3.5 Selectivity of the sensor-------------------------------------------------------------- 92
4.3.6 Stability, repeatability and reproducibility---------------------------------------- 93
4.4 Conclusions --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 93
Chapter 5 Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of glucose oxidase immobilized on reduced graphene oxide and silver nanoparticles nanocomposite modified electrode-------------------------------------------------

94
5.1 Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 94
5.2 Experimental -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 95
5.2.1 Materials-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 95
5.2.2 Apparatus------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 96
5.2.3 Fabrication of the biosensor--------------------------------------------------------- 96
5.3 Results and discussion --------------------------------------------------------------- 97
5.3.1 Characterization of RGO/Ag nanocomposite ------------------------------------ 97
5.3.2 Formation mechanism of RGO/Ag nanocomposite ----------------------------- 101
5.3.3 Direct electrochemistry of GOx ---------------------------------------------------- 101
5.3.4 Effect of scan rate and pH ----------------------------------------------------------- 103
5.3.5 Electrocatalysis of glucose ---------------------------------------------------------- 104
5.3.6 Selectivity and practicality of the biosensor -------------------------------------- 107
5.4 Conclusions --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 109
Chapter 6 Simultaneous and selective electrochemical determination of dihydroxybenzene isomers at reduced graphene oxide and copper nanoparticles composite modified glassy carbon electrode---------------------

110
6.1 Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 110
6.2 Experimental -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 112
6.2.1 Materials and methods --------------------------------------------------------------- 112
6.2.2 Fabrication of RGO/Cu-NPs composite modified electrode -------------------- 113
6.3 Results and Discussion -------------------------------------------------------------- 114
6.3.1 Formation mechanism of RGO-Cu-NPs composite ----------------------------- 114
6.3.2 Characterizations --------------------------------------------------------------------- 116
6.3.3 Electrocatalytic activity of the mixed components of HQ, CC and RC-------- 119
6.3.4 Effect of Scan rate and pH----------------------------------------------------------- 122
6.3.5 Simultaneous and selective determination of HQ, CC and RC----------------- 124
6.3.6 Selectivity, storage stability, repeatability and reproducibility of the sensor- 126
6.3.7 Real sample analysis ----------------------------------------------------------------- 127
6.4 Conclusions---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 128

Summary and future outlook------------------------------------------------------- 129
References---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 130
List of publications------------------------------------------------------------------- 146

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