臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近幾年來基於無線網路的繁榮發展、行動設備的高計算能力與通訊能力、電子商務的普及與電子付款機制的完善，如今的行動網路通訊環境已經非常成熟，行動用戶可漫遊於各個無線網路之間並使用各種行動服務，然後使用各種電子付款機制對其使用的通訊與服務費用進行付款。然而，行動用戶於無線網路中將面對極大的安全威脅，為了避免這些安全威脅並保護行動用戶於漫遊期間的隱私，匿名相互認證與金鑰交換機制是行動通訊不可或缺的重要技術。而提供一個行動付款機制也是必需的，系統業者必需對於行動用戶使用完務服後進行計費，然而目前各文獻所提出之付款系統皆無法同時滿足匿名性與信貸式計費的特性。在本論文中，我們不僅提出行動通訊網路下的匿名相互認證機制，並允許系統業者於提供行動用戶進行通訊與使用各種行動服務後，對此匿名行動用戶進行信貸式計費。同時我們亦提出先進的電子錢系統，此系統能讓行動用戶向銀行提領一般之電子錢，並根據付款時的需要將此電子錢轉換成線上電子錢或離線電子錢，用以繳納行動通訊期間累積之信貸款項。我們所提出的機制不管對銀行、系統業者或是行動用戶皆非常彈性且便利，並且於行動用戶享有完全隱私保護的同時，低計算量的特性更讓行動設備能夠有效率且低功耗地執行運算。最後，我們更考慮到行動通訊與電子錢系統上各種安全特性與需求，諸如匿名控制、無詐欺、防篡改、安全相互認證、安全金鑰交換、與前向安全，並針對以上的安全特性詳細定義出各種正規安全模型並透過理論證明來闡述我們協定的強韌性與安全性。

Mobile communication is very mature today due to the powerful computation and communication capabilities of mobile devices, the flourishing of mobile networks, the popularity of electronic commerce, and the completeness of e-payment mechanisms. It is a pleasure for mobile users to roam around the mobile networks and enjoy the mobile network services. However, there are a lot of security threats in the mobile networks, and thus we need an anonymous mutual authentication and key exchange scheme to guarantee the security and privacy for mobile users in the networks. A payment protocol is also required for charging the mobile users after using the mobile services. However, the existing payment schemes do not support anonymity
and credit-based chargeability at the same time. In this dissertation, we propose a secure authentication scheme such that the mobile users can be anonymously authenticated by the system and the system can still make correct charge to these anonymous mobile users via a credit-based way simultaneously. We also propose a novel e-cash scheme which can support each mobile user to withdraw a generic e-cash and decide to spend it as an on-line e-cash or an off-line e-cash according to the payment requirement of the anonymous authentication scheme. Our proposed schemes are convenient and flexible for the mobile users, the system operator, and the bank. Besides, full privacy can be achieved for mobile users owing to the combination of our proposed schemes, which can be performed in current mobile devices efficiently with few battery energy consumptions. Furthermore, we provide anonymity control, no swindling, tamper resistance, secure mutual authentication, secure key exchange, and secure forward secrecy in the proposed anonymous authentication scheme and the e-cash scheme, where these security features are demonstrated by formal security models and theoretical proofs.

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Some Mobile Payment Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Classification of Electronic Payment Systems . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Our Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2 Related Works 10
2.1 Tracz et al.’s Scheme: A Concept Schema for Charging Anonymous
Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Jakobsson and Yung’s Scheme: Fair Privacy . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3 Wireless Privacy and Payments Based on E-Cash . . . . . . . 17
3 Mutual Anonymous Authentication and Key Exchange Scheme
with Credit-Based Chargeability 20
3.1 Some Requirements for Anonymous Authentication . . . . . . 22
3.2 The Proposed Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.2.1 Overview of the Proposed Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.2.2 Key Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.2.3 The Protocol for Requesting an Initial Anonymous
Ticket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.2.4 The Protocol for Using an Anonymous Ticket in the
ith Round Before the Due Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2.5 The Protocol for Charging Mobile Users . . . . . . . . 36
3.2.6 The Protocol for Privacy Revoking . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.2.7 Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.3 Security Models and Proofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.3.1 Security Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.3.2 Unlinkability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.3.3 Ticket Unforgeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.3.4 Tamper Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.3.5 Ticket Swindling Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.3.6 The Proof of the Negligible Failure Probability in Proof
3.3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.3.7 Secure Mutual Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.3.8 Secure Authenticated Key Exchange . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.4 The Forward Secrecy Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.4.1 The Security Proof for the Forward Secrecy Extension 72
3.5 Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4 Possible Privacy Defect and Solution 81
4.1 A Possible Privacy Defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.2 Overcoming the Privacy Defect by Untraceable E-Cash Payment 82
4.2.1 Efficient E-Cash Scheme for On/Off-Line Payment . . 84
5 Integrated On/Off-Line Electronic Cash for Flexible and Efficient
Payment 85
5.1 Entities and Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.1.1 The Entities and E-Cash Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
5.1.2 Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
5.2 The Definitions of Security Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5.3 The Proposed Integrated On/Off-Line Electronic Cash Scheme 94
5.3.1 Overview of the Proposed Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.3.2 Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.3.3 The Withdrawal Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.3.4 The On-Line Payment Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.3.5 The Off-Line Payment Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.3.6 Double-Spending Checking and Anonymity Control . . 103
5.4 Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.4.1 Reached Security Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.4.2 Unlinkability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.4.3 Unforgeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.4.4 Tamper Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.4.5 No Swindling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.5 Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
6 Full-Privacy Mechanism for Anonymous Authentication and
Untraceable E-Payment 125
6.1 Designated E-Cash for the Unused Ticket . . . . . . . . . . . 128
6.2 Performance Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
7 Conclusion 133

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