臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘 要

本研究目的在於探討：一、棒球選手之目標取向、知覺動
機氣候、競賽壓力因應策略、知覺壓力因應策略有效性與身心倦怠之相關情形。二、探討棒球選手之競賽壓力因應策略、知覺壓力因應策略有效性對身心倦怠傾向的預測情形。三、探討目標取向、知覺動機氣候透過競賽壓力因應策略影響身心倦怠的因果模式。本研究參與者為181名高中甲級棒球選手，共計13隊。受試者平均年齡16.88（±.89）歲，平均球齡6.65（±1.84）年。研究工具包含運動目標取向量表、知覺運動動機氣候量表、競賽壓力因應量表、知覺壓力因應策略有效性量表及運動員競技倦怠量表。統計方法分別以皮爾遜積差相關、多元階層迴歸分析與徑路分析進行資料處理。所得結果如下：
一、經皮爾遜積差相關分析後發現：工作取向、工作取向氣候與問題導向因應策略、情緒導向因應策略、知覺問題導向因應策略有效性、知覺情緒導向因應策略有效性呈顯著正相關；工作取向、工作取向氣候與身心倦怠傾向呈顯著負相關。自我取向、自我取向氣候與逃避導向因應策略、情緒導向因應策略、知覺問題導向因應策略有效性呈顯著正相關；此外，自我取向亦與問題導向因應策略呈顯著正相關；而自我取向氣候與身心倦怠傾向呈顯著正相關。問題導向因應策略、情緒導向因應策略與身心倦怠傾向呈顯著負相關；逃避導向因應策略與身心倦怠傾向呈顯著正相關。
二、在探討因應策略有效性對因應策略影響身心倦怠之調節作用方面僅在逃避導向因應策略、知覺逃避導向因應策略有效性對身心倦怠傾向的預測有交互作用存在，顯示當選手知覺逃避導向因應策略有效性高時，採用高逃避導向因應策略者的身心倦怠高於採用低逃避導向因應策略者;然而，在選手知覺低逃避導向因應策略有效性時，高逃避導向者和低逃避導向者在身心倦怠上並無差異。
三、由徑路分析結果得知：整個因果模式為工作取向和工
作取向氣候正向影響問題導向因應策略，而問題導向因應策略負向影響身心倦怠傾向。另一方面，工作取向負向影響逃避導向因應策略，而自我取向正向影響逃避導向因應策略，而逃避導向因應策略則正向影響身心倦怠傾向。在直接效果的部份，除了透過問題導向因應策略、逃避導向因應策略的中介之外，工作取向也能直接負向影響身心倦怠傾向。另外，自我取向氣候亦能正向影響身心倦怠傾向。本研究根據研究結果與討論，提出實際運動訓練之建議及未來研究之方向 。

The purpose of this study was three-fold. First, to examine the relationships among baseball players’ goal orientation, perception of motivational climate, coping strategies of competitive stress, perceived effectiveness of coping and burnout. Second, to examine the moderating effect of perceived effectiveness of coping strategy in terms of predicting baseball players’ burnout by coping strategy. Third, to examine the causal relationship of baseball players’ goal orientation, motivational climate, coping strategy, and burnout. Participants were 181 Division I high school baseball players recruited from 13 baseball teams. The mean age and sport age of the players are 16.88(±.89) years and 6.65(±1.84) years. After receiving the informed consent, Participants were requested to complete questionnaires assessing their goal orientation, perception of motivational climate, coping strategies of competitive stress, perceived effectiveness of coping and athletic burnout. The results of this study were as followed:
1. The results of Pearson correlation analysis indicated that
There were positively correlations among task orientation, task-involved climate to problem-focused coping strategy, emotional focused coping strategy, perceived effectiveness of problem-focused coping strategy, perceived effectiveness of emotion focused coping strategy. Task orientation and task-involved climate negatively correlated with burnout. Ego orientation and ego-involved climate were positively associated with problem focused coping strategy, emotional focused coping strategy, perceived effectiveness of problem focused coping strategy. whereas a positively correlation were found among ego orientation, avoidance focused coping strategy, and burnout. In addition, ego orientation was positively related to problem focused coping strategy. Ego-involved climate was positively correlated with burnout. Regarding the relationships among coping strategy and burnout, the results indicated that problem focused and emotional focused coping strategies had negative correlations with burnout. On the other hand, avoidance coping strategy was positively related to burnout.
2. The results of examining the moderating effect of perceived effectiveness of coping strategy on the predicting burnout by coping strategy indicated that there was an interactive effects on avoidance-focused and perceived effectiveness of avoidance focused coping strategy on burnout. Specifically, when athletes perceived high effectiveness of avoidance coping strategy, using high avoidance coping strategy athletes reported lower burnout than those athletes who used low avoidance coping strategy.
3. The results of path analysis indicated that problem-focused, was positively predicted by task orientation and task-orientation climate, whereas, problem focused coping strategy was found negatively predicted burnout tendency. In addition, avoidance focused coping strategy was negatively predicted by task orientation, but positively predicted by ego orientation, whereas, avoidance focused was positively predicated burnout tendency. Besides, problem-focused and avoidance focused played as important mediators in terms of goal orientation and perceived motivational climate predicting burnout tendency. However, task orientation had negatively direct effect on burnout tendency. In addition, ego-orientation climate had positively direct effect on burnout tendency. Based on the finding of this study, it is suggested that achievement goal theory is a useful framework in terms of the predicting of coping strategies and burnout. Moreover, suggestions for actual training and future directions were provided.

棒球選手目標取向、知覺動機氣候、
競賽壓力因應策略、知覺壓力因應策略
有效性與身心倦怠之相關研究


摘 要

本研究目的在於探討：一、棒球選手之目標取向、知覺動
機氣候、競賽壓力因應策略、知覺壓力因應策略有效性與身心倦怠之相關情形。二、探討棒球選手之競賽壓力因應策略、知覺壓力因應策略有效性對身心倦怠傾向的預測情形。三、探討目標取向、知覺動機氣候透過競賽壓力因應策略影響身心倦怠的因果模式。本研究參與者為181名高中甲級棒球選手，共計13隊。受試者平均年齡16.88（±.89）歲，平均球齡6.65（±1.84）年。研究工具包含運動目標取向量表、知覺運動動機氣候量表、競賽壓力因應量表、知覺壓力因應策略有效性量表及運動員競技倦怠量表。統計方法分別以皮爾遜積差相關、多元階層迴歸分析與徑路分析進行資料處理。所得結果如下：
一、經皮爾遜積差相關分析後發現：工作取向、工作取向氣候與問題導向因應策略、情緒導向因應策略、知覺問題導向因應策略有效性、知覺情緒導向因應策略有效性呈顯著正相關；工作取向、工作取向氣候與身心倦怠傾向呈顯著負相關。自我取向、自我取向氣候與逃避導向因應策略、情緒導向因應策略、知覺問題導向因應策略有效性呈顯著正相關；此外，自我取向亦與問題導向因應策略呈顯著正相關；而自我取向氣候與身心倦怠傾向呈顯著正相關。問題導向因應策略、情緒導向因應策略與身心倦怠傾向呈顯著負相關；逃避導向因應策略與身心倦怠傾向呈顯著正相關。
二、在探討因應策略有效性對因應策略影響身心倦怠之調節作用方面僅在逃避導向因應策略、知覺逃避導向因應策略有效性對身心倦怠傾向的預測有交互作用存在，顯示當選手知覺逃避導向因應策略有效性高時，採用高逃避導向因應策略者的身心倦怠高於採用低逃避導向因應策略者;然而，在選手知覺低逃避導向因應策略有效性時，高逃避導向者和低逃避導向者在身心倦怠上並無差異。
三、由徑路分析結果得知：整個因果模式為工作取向和工
作取向氣候正向影響問題導向因應策略，而問題導向因應策略負向影響身心倦怠傾向。另一方面，工作取向負向影響逃避導向因應策略，而自我取向正向影響逃避導向因應策略，而逃避導向因應策略則正向影響身心倦怠傾向。在直接效果的部份，除了透過問題導向因應策略、逃避導向因應策略的中介之外，工作取向也能直接負向影響身心倦怠傾向。另外，自我取向氣候亦能正向影響身心倦怠傾向。本研究根據研究結果與討論，提出實際運動訓練之建議及未來研究之方向 。

關鍵詞：目標取向、知覺動機氣候、競賽壓力因應策略、
知覺壓力因應策略有效性。

The Relationships of
Goal Orientation, Perceived Motivational Climate, Coping Strategies, Perceived
Effectiveness of Coping, and Burnout
Among Baseball Players.


Abstract

The purpose of this study was three-fold. First, to examine the relationships among baseball players’ goal orientation, perception of motivational climate, coping strategies of competitive stress, perceived effectiveness of coping and burnout. Second, to examine the moderating effect of perceived effectiveness of coping strategy in terms of predicting baseball players’ burnout by coping strategy. Third, to examine the causal relationship of baseball players’ goal orientation, motivational climate, coping strategy, and burnout. Participants were 181 Division I high school baseball players recruited from 13 baseball teams. The mean age and sport age of the players are 16.88(±.89) years and 6.65(±1.84) years. After receiving the informed consent, Participants were requested to complete questionnaires assessing their goal orientation, perception of motivational climate, coping strategies of competitive stress, perceived effectiveness of coping and athletic burnout. The results of this study were as followed:
1. The results of Pearson correlation analysis indicated that
There were positively correlations among task orientation, task-involved climate to problem-focused coping strategy, emotional focused coping strategy, perceived effectiveness of problem-focused coping strategy, perceived effectiveness of emotion focused coping strategy. Task orientation and task-involved climate negatively correlated with burnout. Ego orientation and ego-involved climate were positively associated with problem focused coping strategy, emotional focused coping strategy, perceived effectiveness of problem focused coping strategy. whereas a positively correlation were found among ego orientation, avoidance focused coping strategy, and burnout. In addition, ego orientation was positively related to problem focused coping strategy. Ego-involved climate was positively correlated with burnout. Regarding the relationships among coping strategy and burnout, the results indicated that problem focused and emotional focused coping strategies had negative correlations with burnout. On the other hand, avoidance coping strategy was positively related to burnout.
2. The results of examining the moderating effect of perceived effectiveness of coping strategy on the predicting burnout by coping strategy indicated that there was an interactive effects on avoidance-focused and perceived effectiveness of avoidance focused coping strategy on burnout. Specifically, when athletes perceived high effectiveness of avoidance coping strategy, using high avoidance coping strategy athletes reported lower burnout than those athletes who used low avoidance coping strategy.
3. The results of path analysis indicated that problem-focused, was positively predicted by task orientation and task-orientation climate, whereas, problem focused coping strategy was found negatively predicted burnout tendency. In addition, avoidance focused coping strategy was negatively predicted by task orientation, but positively predicted by ego orientation, whereas, avoidance focused was positively predicated burnout tendency. Besides, problem-focused and avoidance focused played as important mediators in terms of goal orientation and perceived motivational climate predicting burnout tendency. However, task orientation had negatively direct effect on burnout tendency. In addition, ego-orientation climate had positively direct effect on burnout tendency. Based on the finding of this study, it is suggested that achievement goal theory is a useful framework in terms of the predicting of coping strategies and burnout. Moreover, suggestions for actual training and future directions were provided.

Key words: goal orientation, perceived motivational climate, coping strategies, perceived effectiveness of coping strategy, burnout.

致 謝 詞

進入教練研究所時，自己也剛從陪我成長多年的棒球埸上退下來不久，在各方面都極待加強時，承蒙指導教授季力康博士在這兩年的悉心指導、鼓勵，在此致上由衷的感謝。論文蒙口試委員黃英哲教授及盧俊宏教授的批閱斧正，敬申謝意。
　　立群十二萬分感謝，在這兩年當中協助我施測與填寫問卷的各成棒隊與高中棒球隊的教練與選手，因為有你們全力支持立群的論文及相關的研究才能順利完成，謝謝你們！
碩士班生涯中，蒙學長姊們的指導與關心，感謝俊男學長在嘉義的訓示；若懷(崇喜)學長在學業上的協助與鼓勵；嘉倫與麗花學姊在研究上的提攜與指導；周仔、怡儒在各方面的鼓勵；依齡、世忠在口試與施測上的協助；資料分析方面蒙銘傳大學李烱煌老師之協助，你們都是我能夠順利取得碩士學位的助力，在此立群再一次致上十二萬分的敬意與謝意。
最後要感謝的是家人及女友毓靈對我的支持，讓我順利完成學業。願以此論文獻給我身邊所有的師長與親友，與你們共同分享這份成果！





作者簡歷
姓 名： 康立群
學 歷： 國立台灣體育學院五年制 體育科
國立體育學院二年制 體育系
國立體育學院教育學程 在學班
國立體育學院教練研究所 運動心理組
經 歷： 86年台中巿區運棒球代表隊助理教練
嘉義縣朴子國小棒球隊教練
2004年先鋒女子棒球隊教練
研究領域： 運動員壓力因應策略
發表著作： Chia-Lun, Liu, Li-Chung Kang, & Likang Chi (2003). The Relationships of Perceived Motivational Climate and Coping Strategies Among High School Baseball Players. Paper presented at the 4th ASPASP Congress of Sport Psychology. (oral presentation)康立群、劉嘉倫、季力康(民92)。高中棒球選手知覺動機氣候與競賽壓力因應策略之相關研究。中華民國大專院校九十二年度體育學術研討會(頁398-406)。桃園縣：國立體育學院。(口頭發表)康立群、劉嘉倫、季力康、洪若懷(民92)。棒球選手知覺動機氣候、知覺控制感與競賽壓力因應策略之相關研究。台灣運動心理學會九十二年年度學術研討會(頁42)。台北巿：台北巿立體育學院。(口頭發表)劉嘉倫、季力康、康立群(民92)。目標取向、知覺動機氣候、自覺能力對控制感及競賽壓力因應策略之影響—以徑路分析探討其因果模式。台灣運動心理學會九十二年年度學術研討會(頁74)。台北巿：台北巿立體育學院。(海報發表)康立群、季力康(民93)。我國業餘棒球選手目標取向、知覺動機氣候與競賽壓力因應策略之探討。中華民國大專院校九十三全國大專校院運動會體育學術研討會(頁567-575)。台中巿：國立台灣體育學院。(口頭發表)本研究獲得中華民國大專院校九十三全國大專校院運動會體育學術研討會優秀論文獎





目 錄

第一章 緒論------------------------------------------------- 1

第一節 研究背景-------------------------------------------- 1
第二節 研究目的-------------------------------------------- 9
第三節 研究問題-------------------------------------------- 10
第四節 名詞解釋-------------------------------------------- 10

第二章 文獻探討----------------------------------------- 14

第一節 身心倦怠理論與相關研究-------------------------- 14
第二節 壓力因應策略理論與知覺壓力因應策略有效性-- 19
第三節 成就目標理論與壓力因應策略之相關研究------- 25
第四節 研究假設-------------------------------------------- 30

第三章 研究方法----------------------------------------- 34

第一節 研究架構-------------------------------------------- 34
第二節 研究對象-------------------------------------------- 35
第三節 研究工具-------------------------------------------- 36
第四節 研究程序--------------------------------------------- 40
第五節 資料處理--------------------------------------------- 40

第四章 研究結果----------------------------------------- 41

第一節 基本描述統計與簡單相關-------------------------- 41
第二節 競賽壓力因應策略與知覺壓力因應策略有效性
對身心倦怠的交互作用--------------------------- 43
第三節 目標取向、知覺動機氣候、競賽壓力因應策略-----
對身心倦怠的因果模式------------------------- 48

第五章 討論------------------------------------------------ 51

第一節 基本描述統計與簡單相關-------------------------- 51
第二節 競賽壓力因應策略與知覺壓力因應策略有效性
對身心倦怠的交互作用--------------------------- 54
第三節 目標取向、知覺動機氣候、競賽壓力因應策略
對身心倦怠的因果模式--------------------------- 57

第六章 結論與建議------------------------------------- 61

第一節 結論-------------------------------------------------- 61
第二節 建議-------------------------------------------------- 63

參考文獻------------------------------------------------------- 67

附錄
一 基本資料-------------------------------------------- 82
二 運動目標取向量表---------------------------------- 83
三 知覺運動動機氣候量表---------------------------- 84
四 競賽壓力因應策略量表--------------------------- 85
五 知覺壓力因應策略有效性量表--------------------- 86
六 運動員競技倦怠量表------------------------------- 87

表 目 錄

表 2-1-1 身心倦怠發生原因摘要表---------------------------- 15
表 2-3-1 目標取向、自覺能力預測成就行為摘要表------ 27
表 3-2-1 各校受試對象人數名細表-------------------------- 35
表 4-1-1 全體參與者在各變項上的描述統計------------- 41
表 4-1-2 各變項間的簡單相關矩陣表----------------------- 80
表 4-2-1 問題導向預測身心倦怠之多元階層迴歸分析
摘要表-------------------------------------------------- 44
表 4-2-2 情緒導向預測身心倦怠之多元階層迴歸分析
摘要表-------------------------------------------------- 45
表 4-2-3 逃避導向預測身心倦怠之多元階層迴歸分析
摘要表-------------------------------------------------- 46
表 4-3-1 全體受試者各變項的相關矩陣表--------------- 49

圖 目 錄

圖 2-1-1 競技運動倦怠認知-情意模式---------------------- 16
圖 2-2-1 壓力-因應模式--------------------------------------- 20
圖 3-1-1 研究架構圖-------------------------------------------- 34
圖 4-2-1 逃避導向與知覺逃避導向有效性對身心倦怠
交互作用圖--------------------------------------------- 48
圖 4-3-1 目標取向、知覺動機氣候透過競賽壓力因應策略
影響身心倦怠的徑路分析圖----------------------- 81

參考文獻
一、中文部分

季力康（民82）：運動目標取向量表：信度與效度的分析。國立體育學院論叢，4卷1期，179-185頁。
季力康（民85）：運動員壓力的管理。國民體育季刊，4卷1期，51-57頁。
林以君（民80）：運動專業學校中學生運動員生活壓力、社會支持之檢視及身心倦怠關係之研究。國立體育學院體育研究所碩士論文。
夏淑蓉、盧俊宏（民91）：運動動機與競技倦怠之相關研究。大專體育學刊，4卷1期，145-156頁。
莊豔惠（民88）：運動員過度訓練與身心倦怠之因素探討。國立台灣體育學院學報，五期下冊，331-366頁。
康立群、劉嘉倫、季力康（民92年）：高中棒球選手知覺動機氣候與競賽壓力因應策略之相關研究。論文發表於中華民國大專院校九十二年度大專體育學術研討會，桃園縣，國立體育學院。
陳雅琳（民91）：籃球選手目標取向、知覺動機氣候、運動身心狀況、情緒反應與身心倦怠之研究。國立體育學院教練研究所碩士論文。
黃英哲、季力康（民83）：運動動機氣候與自覺能力對賽前狀態性焦慮和滿足感的相關研究。體育學報，18輯，321-332頁。
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劉嘉倫（民93）：目標取向、知覺運動動機氣候及自覺能力對控制感與競賽壓力因應策略之影響。國立體育學院教練研究所碩士論文。
張永賢（民85）：精熟取向籃球教學對不同成就目標取向國小學童運動表現與自我概念及內在動機之影響。國立體育學院運動科學研究所碩士論文。
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蘇彙珺 (民87)：社會支持、自我效能與國中學生壓力因應歷程中認知評估及因應策略的相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
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