臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究探討以非等莫耳Nb-Zr-Ti，少量添加Hf、V、Ta、Ge，所得之三元至六元鑄造態與熱處理態合金(以下簡稱本合金)的超導特性。
本合金主要為單一無序富Nb的BCC固溶體，元素間(尤其是Ta與Ge)的結合焓差異及熱處理驅動力，促使富Nb的BCC固溶體析出Zr，而形成富Zr(Ge)相，導致在富Nb的BCC固溶體相的Nb/Zr比例因而改變，從而影響本合金的超導特性。
本合金臨界溫度Tc介於8 K至11 K之間。鑄造態試片的室溫電阻率介於21 μΩ-cm至35 μΩ-cm之間；與其他的多元合金相比，本合金有較低的電阻率。由殘餘電阻率比值RRR大小在1.2至1.3之間得知，電阻率主要由合金內部的雜質原子所主導。若單純以Nb加 Zr的e/a值討論，本合金Tc值大致符合二元合金的Matthias經驗法則；然而影響Tc值的其他因素，尚有多元添加所造成的晶格扭曲及本合金個別元素的特性。
本合金為典型的type II超導體，上臨界磁場Hc2的估計值，介於5 T至9 T之間。在2 K之溫度下，及5 T外加磁場的臨界電流密度Jc值，仍高達105 A/cm2；此特性與合金中的析出相有關，而於元素添加造成的晶格缺陷無關。

This study investigates the superconductivity of as-cast and as-heat-treated ternary to 6-element multi-component alloys (hereafter abbreviated as the alloys) that are made of non-equal molar Nb-Zr-Ti by addition of minor Hf, V, Ta and Ge.
The alloys are principally single random BCC Nb-rich solid solutions. Difference in formation enthalpies between elements, especially for pairs with Ta and Ge, and the driving forces by heat treatments induce a Zr-bearing precipitation from the Nb-rich BCC phase to form a Zr(Ge)-rich phase. This results in a change of Nb/Zr ratio in the Nb-rich BCC phase, and thus affects the superconductivity of the alloys.
The critical temperature of the alloys, Tc, ranges from 8 K to 11 K. The room-temperature resistivity of the as-cast alloys varies from 21 μΩ–cm to 35 μΩ–cm. Compared with the electrical resistivity of other multi-component ones, the alloys have a lower electrical resistivity. The residual resistivity ratio RRR value is from 1.2 to 1.3, which mentions that the resistivity is principally controlled by the impurity atoms in the alloys. If one simply emphasizes the e/a ratio from the content of Nb and Zr in the alloys, the Tc of the alloys approximately follows the Matthias empirical rule. However, factors affecting Tc, besides the e/a, include lattice distortion due to multiple element addition, and the characteristics of individual elements in the alloys.
The alloys are typically type II superconductors. The upper critical magnetic field Hc2 is estimated to be in the range of 5 T to 9 T. At 2 K &; 5 T, the critical current density Jc has the value of approximately 105 A/cm2. This property has something to do with the precipitates and has yet nothing to do with the lattice distortion of the alloys.

中文摘要 I
英文摘要 III
致謝 V
圖目錄 XI
表目錄 XXII
壹、 前言 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究動機 2
貳、 文獻回顧 3
2.1 電性簡介 3
2.1.1 金屬導電理論的發展 3
2.1.2 材料的電阻率 5
2.2 超導性質簡介 10
2.2.1 超導體的發現 10
2.2.2 超導體的特性 12
2.2.3 超導相關理論 14
2.2.3.1 London方程式 14
2.2.3.2 Ginzburg-Landau理論 15
2.2.3.3 BSC理論 16
2.2.3.4 超導體的分類 20
2.2.3.5 Bean’s model 22
2.3 合金超導體 32
2.3.1 Matthias’ empirical rule 32
2.3.2 二元合金 33
2.3.3 三元至多元合金 35
2.3.4 高熵合金 36
2.4 磁性簡介 46
參、 實驗方法 50
3.1 合金製備及實驗流程 50
3.1.1 合金設計 50
3.1.2 實驗流程 52
3.1.3 真空電弧熔煉 52
3.1.4 熱處理 52
3.2 微結構觀察 53
3.2.1 掃描式電子顯微鏡觀測 53
3.2.2 X-ray繞射分析 53
3.3 磁化率量測 54
3.4 電阻率量測 55
3.5 磁滯曲線M(H)量測 56
肆、 結果與討論 65
4.1 微結構分析 65
4.1.1 Group 1合金 65
4.1.2 Group 2合金 75
4.1.2 Group 3合金 99
4.2 超導臨界溫度之探討 106
4.2.1 磁化率的量測(Tc,mag.) 106
4.2.1.1 Group 1合金 106
4.2.1.2 Group 2合金 107
4.2.1.3 Group 3合金 109
4.2.2 電阻率的量測(Tc,ele.) 123
4.2.3 合金電阻率之探討 128
4.3 影響臨界溫度(TC)之因素 133
4.3.1 顯微結構與臨界溫度(Tc)之關係 133
4.3.2 晶格扭曲與臨界溫度(Tc)之關係 143
4.3.3 Electron to atom ratio (e/a) 與臨界溫度(Tc)之關係 148
4.4 磁性分析 153
4.4.1 臨界磁場之計算 (Hc1、Hc2) 153
4.4.2 臨界電流密度(Jc)之計算 154
伍、 結論 173
陸、 未來工作建議 175
柒、 參考文獻 177

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