臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

樹豆 (Cajanus cajan Linn. Millsp.)，為豆科 (Leguminosae)、木豆屬 (Cajanus)，英文名 pigeon pea，是原住民重要的傳統糧食作物之一。近年市面上已有不同豆類為基質之豆漿產品出現，如：黑豆漿、毛豆漿及紅豆漿等。樹豆臺東 3 號先前已被證實，具有具抗氧化、抗菌、抗腫瘤、抗病毒及調節血糖等效用。故本研究以樹豆臺東 3 號製成樹豆漿 (pigeon pea milk, PPM)，探討樹豆漿之理化性質、抗氧化活性及機能性成分，並進一步以高脂飲食誘導小鼠肝臟脂質蓄積模式探討樹豆漿對肝損傷之保護潛力，最後再以感官品評分析新型態樹豆漿的消費者嗜好性。本研究實驗組別分為加熱組 (85℃、90℃、95℃ 及 121℃)、未加熱組及正對照組 (90℃ 黃豆漿組)。於理化性質部分，色澤分析結果顯示，樹豆漿組之 L 值分別為 85℃ 組 (37.05)、90℃ 組 (37.41)、95℃ 組 (36.79)、121℃ 組 (36.19) 及未加熱組 (58.48)，而 90℃ 黃豆漿之 L 值為 82.44，不同加熱溫度之樹豆漿各組間亮度皆無明顯差異，但加熱會降低樹豆漿色澤亮度，且黃豆漿色澤亮度遠高於樹豆漿；pH 值測定結果顯示，樹豆漿組之 pH 值分別為 85℃ 組 (6.67)、90℃ 組 (6.82)、95℃ 組 (6.74)、121℃ 組 (6.72) 及未加熱組 (5.82)，而 90℃ 黃豆漿之 pH 值為 6.50，樹豆漿組別與黃豆漿組 pH 值皆低於 7；可溶性固形物測定結果顯示，樹豆漿組別其可溶性固形物皆少於黃豆漿組。於抗氧化活性部分，以 90℃ 樹豆漿組具有最佳之 DPPH 自由基清除能力及還原力，且含有較高之總酚含量。進一步以高脂飲食誘導小鼠肝臟脂質蓄積模式下，評估 90℃ 樹豆漿是否具保護效應，動物實驗組別分為正常飲食組 (ND, normal diet)、高脂飲食誘發組 (HF, high-fat diet)、低劑量組 (HF+LPPM, 80 mg/kg bw)、中劑量組 (HF+MPPM, 250 mg/kg bw)、高劑量組 (HF+HPPM, 400 mg/kg bw) 及90℃ 黃豆漿正對照組 (HF+SM, 400 mg/kg bw)。於血清生化分析部分，結果顯示，經高劑量樹豆漿處理，能有效降低血清中 AST 及 ALT 酵素活性，相較於誘發組 AST 及 ALT 分別下降 29% 及 41%，同時也減少 TG 含量，與誘發組相比血清中 TG 含量下降 50%；於肝臟生化指數分析，小鼠肝臟中 Glutathione 及 Catalase 在低、中及高劑量樹豆漿處理下，具顯著性上升，與誘發組相比 Glutathione 分別上升 11%、12% 及 18%，Catalase 則分別上升 44%、48% 及 48%。小鼠肝臟中活性氧物質之生成，於高劑量樹豆漿處理下，與誘發組相比減少 17%，而脂質過氧化產物 MDA 含量於高劑量樹豆漿處理下，與誘發組相比減少 33%。此外，經高劑量樹豆漿處理後可明顯降低小鼠肝臟中發炎相關因子 NF-κB 及 NLRP3 蛋白表現量，與誘發組相比分別下降 1.84 及 1.50 倍，同時亦可降低 TNF-α、IL-1β 及 IL-6 發炎細胞激素含量，分別減少 44%、40% 及 19%，顯示樹豆漿具減緩肝細胞氧化性損傷，並具保護肝臟之效果。故後續再進一步分析小鼠肝臟中脂質生合成及 β-氧化作用相關蛋白表現，結果顯示，脂質合成相關蛋白 PPAR γ、SREBP-1、ACC1 及 FAS 蛋白表現量皆顯著地減少，相較於誘發組，於高劑量樹豆漿處理下，分別減少 1.71、1.28、2.50 及 2.09 倍，而促進 β-氧化作用之 CPT-1 蛋白表現量與誘發組相比則上升 1.99 倍。於嗜好性感官品評分析，結果顯示，樹豆漿風味尚可被接受，適口性仍有改善並調整製程之空間。綜合上述，樹豆漿與黃豆漿相比整體上具較好之抗氧化活性且具有特殊風味，其中以 90℃ 樹豆漿具較高抗氧化能力及含有較多的總酚含量，並於動物實驗證實其具有改善高脂飲食誘導之肝臟發炎及脂質蓄積的潛力，期能以此研究結果為基礎，進一步開發出具機能性且適合工業生產之樹豆漿產品。

Cajanus cajan Linn. Millsp. is Leguminosae, Cajanus, and pigeon pea. It is one of the most important traditional food crops of Taiwanese aborigines. In recent years, there have been soybean milk products based on different beans, such as black soybean milk, soybean milk, and red soybean milk. Cajanus cajan L.of NO. 3 has been demonstrated to possess numerous biological effects such as antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-tumor, anti-viral and glycemic control. The present study aimed to investigate the pigeon pea milk (PPM) was made from Cajanus cajan L.of NO. 3 to evaluate the physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity and functional components of soymilk, and explore PPM supple-mentation whether can prevent liver damage on high-fat diet induced mice model. Finally, the sensory evaluation of the consumer preference of new-type pigeon pea (PPM) is performed. The experimental group was divided into heating group (85°C, 90°C, 95°C and 121°C), unheated group and positive control group (90°C soy milk group). In the physicochemical properties, the results of color analysis showed that the L values of the PPM groups were 85°C group (37.05), 90°C group (37.41), 95°C group (36.79), 121°C group (36.19) and un-heated group (58.48), respectively, the L value of soybean milk at 90°C was 82.44, there was no significant difference in the brightness of the PPM at different heating temperatures. However, the brightness of PPM was reduced by heating, and the brightness of soybean milk was much higher than that of PPM; The pH value results showed that the pH values of the PPM groups were 85°C group (6.67), 90°C group (6.82), 95°C group (6.74), 121°C group (6.72) and unheated group (5.82), and 90°C of soybean milk was 6.50, respectively. The pH values of PPM groups and soybean milk group were all less than 7; the soluble solids results showed that the PPM groups had less soluble solids than the soy-bean milk group. In the antioxidant activity, the 90°C PPM group had the best DPPH free radical scavenging and reducing power, and contained higher total phenolic content. In order to evaluate whether the 90°C PPM has a prevent hepatic steatosis on high-fat diet induced mice model, the experimental group was divided into normal diet group (ND diet) and high-fat diet induction group (HF diet), low dose group (HF+LPPM, 80 mg/kg bw), middle dose group (HF+MPPM, 250 mg/kg bw), high dose group (HF+HPPM, 400 mg/kg bw) and 90°C soy milk positive control group (HF+SM, 400 mg/kg bw). In the serum biochemical analysis, the results showed that high-dose PPM treatment can effectively reduce serum AST and ALT enzyme levels, compared with the induced group, AST and ALT were decreased by 29% and 41%, respectively. TG content was also decreased, compared to HF group, the serum TG level was reduced by 50%. The glutathione and catalase in the liver of mice significantly increased in low, medium and high doses of PPM, compared with the HF group, glutathione increased 11%, 12% and 18%, respectively, and catalase increased by 44%, 48% and 48%, respectively. Compared with the HF group, the ROS content in the liver of mice was reduced by 33% at HF+HPPM doses. And the MDA content of lipid peroxidation product in the liver of mice was reduced by 33% at HF+HPPM doses. In addition, the treatment of high dose PPM significantly reduced the expression of NF-κB and NLRP3 protein in the liver of mice, which was 1.84 and 1.50 times lower than that in the induced group, and also decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines in TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were reduced by 44%, 40%, and 19%, respectively. These results indicated that PPM has the effect to alleviate oxidative damage to liver cells and protecting the liver. Therefore, further analysis of lipid synthesis and β-oxidation associated protein expression in mice livers revealed that the expression of lipid synthesis related proteins PPAR γ, SREBP-1, ACC1, and FAS were all significantly reduced. In the HF group, under HF+HPPM treatment, they decreased by 1.71, 1.28, 2.50, and 2.09 times, respectively. While the CPT-1 protein expression that promoted β-oxidation increased by 1.99 times compared with the HF group. Analysing the appraisal of the appetite and officials, the results showed that the PPM flavor was still acceptable, and the palatability was still improved and the manufacturing process was adjusted. In summary, the pigeon pea (PPM) has better antioxidant activity and special flavor than the soybean milk as a whole. And among which the 90°C PPM has higher antioxidant capacity and contains more total phenolic content than other groups, and it has the potential to improve liver inflammation and hepatic steatosis on high-fat diet induced mice model. Based on this research results, it can further develop functional and suitable for industrial production of pigeon pea products.

摘要 I
Abstract III
目錄 VI
圖次 IX
表次 X
前言 1
第一章 文獻回顧 2
一、 高脂飲食 3
二、 人體中的脂質代謝 4
(一) 脂蛋白 4
(二) 脂質代謝 9
(三) 內生性脂質生合成 11
三、 高血脂 (Hyperlipidemia) 及其相關疾病 14
高膽固醇血症 14
混合型高脂血症 14
(一) 代謝症候群 (Metabolic syndrome) 15
(二) 第二型糖尿病 (type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM) 15
(三) 心血管疾病 (Cardiovascular disease) 與動脈粥狀硬化 (Atherosclerosis) 16
(四) 非酒精性脂肪肝疾病 (Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD) 16
四、 飲食與體內發炎反應 20
五、 豆漿的飲食文化 23
六、 樹豆 24
(一) 概述 24
(二) 品種 25
(三) 活性成分與生理活性 27
(四) 樹豆台東 3 號之先前研究 35
第二章 材料與方法 38
一、 實驗材料 39
(一) 材料 39
(二) 藥品試劑 39
(三) 儀器設備 40
二、 實驗方法及步驟 41
(一) 樣品製備及萃取 41
(二) 理化性質分析 41
(三) 抗氧化能力與抗氧化成分分析 42
(四) 動物實驗 44
(五) 儲藏性試驗 51
(六) 感官品評 52
(七) 統計分析 52
第三章 結果與討論 53
一、 以不同溫度加熱之樹豆漿萃取率 54
二、 樹豆漿理化性質分析 54
三、 樹豆漿抗氧化能力與抗氧化成分分析 57
(一) 清除 DPPH 自由基能力 57
(二) 還原力 57
(三) 總抗氧化能力 58
(四) 花青素、總酚及類黃酮含量分析 62
四、 樹豆漿 (pigeon pea milk, PPM) 對高脂飲食誘發 ICR 小鼠肝臟脂質蓄積之評估 65
(一) 樹豆漿對高脂飲食誘導小鼠體重、攝食飲水量及食物利用率之影響 65
(二) 相對臟器重量及組織切片 69
(三) 血清生化指數分析 73
(四) 肝臟生化指數分析 77
1. 活性氧物質及脂質過氧化測定 77
2. 抗氧化物質及抗氧化酵素 81
3. 促發炎細胞激素 83
4. 樹豆漿對高脂飲食誘導 ICR 小鼠肝臟中發炎相關因子活化之影響 86
5. 樹豆漿對高脂飲食誘導 ICR 小鼠肝臟中脂質生合成之影響 90
6. 樹豆漿對高脂飲食誘導 ICR 小鼠肝臟中 β-oxidation 之影響 93
五、 儲藏性試驗之微生物檢測 95
六、 嗜好性感官品評 95
結論 98
參考文獻 100
附錄一 110
附錄二 111

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