臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

　　仙草（Mesona procumbens Hemsl.）為台灣傳統食品，具有特殊香氣、滋味與質地，深受消費者喜愛。本研究以頂空固相微量萃取法（headspace solid-phase microextraction, HS-SPME）與同步水蒸氣蒸餾溶劑萃取法（simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction, SDE）萃取其香氣成分，再結合氣相層析儀（gas chromatography, GC）與氣相層析質譜儀（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS）分別進行仙草揮發性成分之定量與定性分析，主要研究內容為：
1. 以HS-SPME吸附仙草揮發性成分之最佳條件之測試（包括不同萃取纖維、吸附溫度與時間）。
2. 以HS-SPME或SDE萃取仙草揮發性成分之分析並比較其差異。
3. 探討仙草不同部位揮發性成分之差異。
4. 以HS-SPME萃取仙草萃取液揮發性成分之分析。
5. 仙草新鮮葉與仙草精油揮發性成分之分析並比較其差異。
6. 仙草萃取液之感官品評。
　　結果顯示：以HS-SPME萃取仙草揮發性成分之最佳萃取條件為使用50/30 μm之DVB/CAR/PDMS纖維於25 ± 2 ℃下萃取40 min。以HS-SPME分析十一種國產與進口仙草，以農試一號含有最多總揮發性成分，其次為TYM1303品系，而印尼品系總揮發性成分最少；十一種仙草品系共鑑定出64種揮發性成分，其中，國產與進口仙草分別鑑定出56種及38種成分，主成分皆為α-pinene、β-pinene、limonene及β-caryophyllene；比較國產與進口仙草成分差異，發現1-octen-3-one、1-octen-3-ol、α-thujene、sabinene、β-myrcene、α-terpinene及β-elemene僅在國產仙草中檢測出，而cuparene僅在進口仙草中檢測出。以SDE分析十一種國產與進口仙草，發現TYM1301及越南品系香氣濃度含量最高，其次為嘉義品系與農試一號，含量最低為印尼品系；且鑑定出116種揮發性成分，其中國產與進口仙草分別鑑定出108種及91種成分，國產仙草以α-bisabolol、β-caryophyllene及caryophyllene oxide為主成分，進口仙草以β-caryophyllene及α-caryophyllene為主成分；比較國產與進口仙草成分差異，發現α-bisabolol僅出現於國產仙草中。比較HS-SPME與SDE之差異，在十一種仙草品系中，HS-SPME與SDE共鑑定出133種成分，其中47種成分皆出現於兩種萃取方式，HS-SPME中有17種成分並未出現於SDE，而SDE中有69種成分並未出現於HS-SPME；HS-SPME能萃得較多單?蔡m化合物，SDE則能萃取較多倍半?蔡m類及其衍生物。比較仙草不同部位揮發性成分之差異，分析顯示：仙草莖與葉共鑑定出41種成分，其中23種成分皆存在於兩者中，仙草葉之總揮發性成分含量高於仙草莖。比較添加水溶液與0.4% Na2CO3溶液對仙草萃取液香氣影響上，實驗顯示：仙草水萃液共鑑定出71種成分，以benzyl alcohol、1-octen-3-ol及limonene為主成分；鹼萃液（0.4% Na2CO3溶液）共鑑定出59種成分，以benzyl alcohol、1-octen-3-ol、limonene、6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one及β-caryophyllene為主成分。此外，在桃園一號及桃園二號鮮葉與精油成分比較中，鮮葉以1-octen-3-ol為主成分，而精油以β-caryophyllene及β-elemene為主成分，同時，且發現桃園一號精油中α-bisabolol含量高於桃園二號；除此之外，十一種品系仙草萃取液與市售仙草樣品經感官品評發現，桃園二號之仙草樣品香氣強度、香氣喜好性及整體喜好性皆最高。

　　Hsian-tsao (Mesona procumbens Hemsl.) drinks and gels are traditional Taiwanese food. It is admired by many consumers, especially in summer, because of its aroma, taste, and texture. This study reports the analysis of volatile compounds present in domestic and imported strains of Mesona by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) or simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction (SDE), coupled with gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) analyses. Main research contents were carried out in this study as the followings:
1. Comparison of optimal of SPME fiber coating, extraction temperature, and extraction time used for volatile compounds in Mesona.
2. Analysis and comparisons of volatile compounds in domestic and imported Mesona by HS-SPME and SDE.
3. Analysis of volatile compounds of different parts in the Nongshi No. 1 and Taoyuan No. 1 Hsian-tsao.
4. Analysis of volatile compounds in native and imported Hsian-tsao extracts by HS-SPME.
5. Analysis of volatile compounds in fresh Hsian-tsao leaves and its essential oil.
6. Sensory evaluation of Hsian-tsao extracts.
　　The results showed that the optimal conditions for the extraction of Hsian-tsao aromatic components using HS-SPME was using 50/30 μm divinylbenzene/Carboxen??/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) fibers 25°C for 40 minutes. Analysis of volatile compounds in domestic and imported Hsian-tsao by HS-SPME, the results showed that Nongshi No. 1 had the highest total quantity of volatile components, followed by TYM1303, while Indonesia strain was the less. A total of 64 volatile compounds had been identified in Hsian-tsao volatiles, domestic and imported Hsian-tsao had been identified 56 and 38 compounds, respectively. Main compounds were α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene and β-caryophyllene. Comparisons of the compounds between domestic and imported Hsian-tsao, finding out 1-octen-3-one, 1-octen-3-ol, α-thujene, sabinene, β-myrcene, α-terpinene and β-elemene were only detected in domestic Hsian-tsao and cuparene were only dectected in imported Hsian-tsao. Analysis of volatile compounds in domestic and imported Hsian-tsao by SDE, the results showed that TYM1301 had the highest aroma concentration, followed by Chiayi strain and Nongshi No. 1, while Indonesia strain was the less. A total of 116 volatile compounds had been identified, domestic and imported Hsian-tsao had been identified 108 and 91 compounds, respectively. Main compounds were α-bisabolol, β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide in domestic Hsian-tsao and β-caryophyllene and α-caryophyllene in imported Hsian-tsao. Comparisons of the compounds between domestic and imported Hsian-tsao, finding out α-bisabolol were only detected in domestic Hsian-tsao. Using the two extraction methods, 133 volatile components were identified, of which 47 were found using both extraction methods, 17 were identified by HS-SPME but not detected by SDE, and 69 were identified by SDE but not detected by HS-SPME. Compared with SDE, HS-SPME sampling extracted a significantly higher amount of monoterpenes and had poorer detection of less volatile compounds, such as sesquiterpenes, terpene alcohols, terpene oxide and nitrogen-containing compounds. Comparison with stems and leaves, a total of 41 compounds had been indentified. Among them, 23 compounds are present in both and the total contents of volatile components from leaves are higher than stems. Analysis of volatile compounds in Hsian-tsao extracts (added aqueous solution) by HS-SPME, 71 volatile compounds had been identified. Main compounds were benzyl alcohol, 1-octen-3-ol and limonene; Analysis of volatile compounds in Hsian-tsao extracts (added 0.4% Na2CO3 solution) by HS-SPME, 59 volatile compounds had been identified. Main compounds were benzyl alcohol, 1-octen-3-ol, limonene, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and β-caryophyllene. Analysis of volatile compounds of fresh leaves and essential oil in Taoyuan No. 1 and No. 2, 1-octen-3-ol had the highest total quantity in leaves; while β-caryophyllene and β-elemene had the highest total quantity in essential oil. α-bisabolol had higher total quantity in Taoyuan No. 1 between Taoyuan No. 2. In this study, the Hsian-tsao extracts of Taoyuan No. 2 not only intensity of aroma and preference of aroma are the highest, but also overall preference.

誌謝……………………………………………………………………………I
摘要…………………………………………………………………………II
Abstract……………………………………………………………………IV
目錄………………………………………………………………………VII
圖目錄………………………………………………………………………X
表目錄……………………………………………………………………XII
附錄目錄…………………………………………………………………XIV
壹、前言………………………………………………………………………1
貳、文獻回顧…………………………………………………………………3
　　一、仙草之介紹…………………………………………………………3
　　二、仙草之一般成分含量………………………………………………4
　　三、仙草之揮發性成分…………………………………………………5
　　四、化學型態（chemotypes）……………………………………………9
　　五、同步水蒸氣蒸餾溶劑萃取法（simultaneous steam
　　　　distillation-solvent extraction, SDE）…………………………16
　　六、頂空固相微量萃取法（headspace solid-phase microextraction,
　　　　HS-SPME）………………………………………………………19
　　　　（一）頂空固相微量萃取法之介紹………………………………19
　　　　（二）吸附纖維選擇………………………………………………21
參、材料與方法……………………………………………………………23
　　一、研究設計…………………………………………………………23
　　二、實驗材料…………………………………………………………24
（一）植物材料……………………………………………………24
（二）SPME萃取纖維、藥品及試劑……………………………24
　　三、實驗方法…………………………………………………………26
（一）HS-SPME萃取條件試驗…………………………………26
（二）仙草揮發性成分萃取………………………………………27
（三）比較仙草莖與葉揮發性成分之差異………………………27
（四）以迴流冷凝萃取法（Reflux condensation）製備仙草萃取
液…………………………………………………………28
（五）仙草萃取液揮發性成分萃取………………………………28
（六）仙草新鮮葉與精油揮發性成分萃取………………………28
（七）GC及GC-MS分析所使用之儀器及操作條件…………29
（八）統計分析……………………………………………………30
（九）仙草萃取液之感官品評……………………………………30
肆、結果與討論……………………………………………………………36
　　一、以HS-SPME萃取仙草揮發性成分最適條件之研究……………36
（一）SPME纖維形式之選擇……………………………………36
（二）SPME吸附溫度（25 ℃或40 ℃）測試…………………38
（三）以SPME進行不同萃取時間之測試……………………38
　　二、以HS-SPME分析國產與進口仙草之揮發性成分………………41
（一）不同品系國產仙草之香氣…………………………………41
（二）比較不同品系國產仙草之香氣差異………………………43
（三）不同品系進口仙草之香氣…………………………………46
（四）比較不同品系進口仙草之香氣差異………………………46
（五）比較HS-SPME對於十一種品系揮發性成分之差異……50
　　三、以SDE分析國產與進口仙草之揮發性成分……………………51
（一）不同品系國產仙草之香氣…………………………………51
（二）比較不同品系國產仙草之香氣差異………………………65
（三）不同品系進口仙草之香氣…………………………………66
（四）比較不同品系進口仙草之香氣差異………………………73
（五）比較SDE對於十一種品系揮發性成分之差異…………74
　　四、比較HS-SPME與SDE之差異…………………………………74
　　五、比較仙草莖與葉揮發性成分之差異……………………………92
　　六、以HS-SPME萃取仙草萃取液之揮發性成分…………………93
（一）添加水溶液之仙草萃取液………………………………93
（二）添加0.4% Na2CO3溶液之仙草萃取液…………………100
　　七、仙草新鮮葉與精油之揮發性成分………………………………101
　　八、仙草萃取液之感官品評…………………………………………112
伍、結論……………………………………………………………………117
陸、參考文獻………………………………………………………………119

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