臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

對於不互溶的二液相反應系統，由於反應只會發生在油水界面處，所以，反應速率極低。相間轉移觸媒，可在二液相間穿梭，因此有效地解決了二液相間反應速率極低的問題。PEG由於價格便宜，因此在工業界上的應用方面，為一具有潛力的相轉移觸媒」。
由於相間轉移觸媒牽涉到二不互溶液相，因此，在工業界上的應用上，就必須考慮到系統的穩定性，也就是相轉換特性。本文乃探討含PEG相轉移觸媒的相轉換特性，以水/正己烷為系統，酚鈉為水相反應物，溴丙烯為油相反應物，在批式攪拌槽內，透過電導度法來探討該系統的相轉換特性。
由實驗結果可發現：
1. 加入PEG與酚鈉都會使得水相容易成為連續相，二條相轉換曲線平行上移，而且W/O→O/W的局部相轉換現象明顯減少。油相反應物溴丙烯對系統的相轉換特性影響不大。
2. 添加離子物質NaOH會使得W/O→O/W方面的相轉換Hold-up稍微下降;在O/W→W/O方面，相轉換Hold-up 則無明顯變化。PEG分子量愈高，會使得W/O→O/W方面的相轉換Hold-up愈低;在O/W→W/O方面，其相轉換Hold-up 則無明顯變化。
3. 含高濃度PEG的系統，在W/O→O/W方面，其相轉換現象與以往不同，在發生相轉換時，液面由平穩轉為激烈。而且其相轉換Hold-up會非常低。當系統有第三液相生成時，W/O→O/W的相轉換Hold-up會隨著NaOH的濃度增加而增加，隨著PEG體積百分比增加而減少。
4. 在液滴的結合時間方面，加入PEG會使得Tc變大，加入酚鈉或NaOH的影響則相反。對於有第三液相生成的系統，Tc值明顯變大。O/W分散形式的Tc隨著PEG分子量增加而增加，W/O分散形式的Tc則不受PEG分子量的影響。對於O/W的分散系統，大部份所得的Tc值均隨著轉速提高而變大，W/O分散形式的Tc則較不受轉速的影響。
5. 在遲滯相轉換時間方面，W/O→O/W的Td值會隨著轉速增加而變大，而且系統的遲滯現象明顯。O/W→W/O 的Td值則只有簡單的0秒與∞二種情況。

Since chemical reactions occur only on the oil-water interface for the two immiscible liquid phase system , the reaction rate obtained is very slow. Phase transfer catalyst (PTC) which can transfer between the oil-phase and the water-phase, was commonly used to solve the above problem. Due to its lower price , the application of PEG as a phase transfer catalyst is of great potential in the industries.
The PTC system contains two immiscible liquid phase,hence the stability of the system , i.e. the characteristics of phase inversion,is an important factor in the industrial application. In this text, the characteristics of phase inversion with PEG as PTC and water/hexane as the system was investigated. Sodium phenolate trihydrate is the reactant in the water-phase, and 3-Bropropen is the reactant in the oil-phase. In a batch agitator , the conductivity-measuring method was used to study the characteristics of phase inversion of this system.
The results of the experiments indicate that
1. Adding PEG and Sodium phenolate trihydrate will make water phase easily become the continuous phase. Two inversion curves shift upward and the local phase inversion phenomena of W/O→O/W decreases obviously . The reactant of oil-phase has insignificant effect on the phase inversion of the system.
2. For W/O→O/W ,we find that the addition of ionic material (NaOH) reduce the phase inversion hold-up slightly but have no significant change for O/W→W/O.
3. For the system with high concentrations of PEG ,the phase inversion phenomena differs from the other systems for W/O→O/W. When phase inversion occurs, the liquid surface changes from steadiness to violence . At the same time, the phase inversion hold-up obtained is very low. When the third liquid phase occurs, phase inversion hold-up increases with the increasing concentration of NaOH but decreases with the increasing volume percentage of PEG for W/O→O/W.
4. For the coalescing time of the droplets (Tc): We have a high value of Tc if the system contains PEG. But the effect of adding NaOH or Sodium phenolate trihydrate to the system was just the reverse. The values of Tc becomes larger if the third liquid phase occurs. The Tc values of the O/W dispersion type increases with a increasing molecular weight of PEG,but the Tc values of the W/O type is independent of the PEG molecular weight. In most of the system,the Tc values obtained increases with the increasing agitating speeds. However the agitating speed has less influence on the Tc values for the W/O dispersion system.
5. For the delayed inversion time(Td): Td increases with the increasing agitating speeds for W/O→O/W and the delayed phenomena of this system is obvious.On the other hand,the Td values for O/W→W/O only have two types,i.e.0 second and ∞.

目錄……………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
表目錄…………………………………………………………………Ⅱ
圖目錄…………………………………………………………………Ⅳ
第一章 緒論…………………………………………………………1
1.1 相轉移觸媒………………………………………………………1
1.2 不均勻系統的相轉換……………………………………………3
1.3 研究目的…………………………………………………………7
1.4 論文架構…………………………………………………………8
第二章 實驗裝置………………………………………………………9
2.1 數據處理…………………………………………………………9
2.2 實驗裝置…………………………………………………………10
2.3 實驗藥品…………………………………………………………12
2.4 實驗步驟…………………………………………………………14
第三章 結果與討論……………………………………………………17
3.1純水對正己烷系統………………………………………………17
3.2含相轉移觸媒PEG-400之系統……………………………………28
3.2.1 PEG濃度的影響………………………………………………29
3.2.2相轉換特性圖…………………………………………………32
3.3含PEG及水相反應物酚鈉之系統…………………………………46
3.4含PEG及二相反應物之系統………………………………………55
3.5離子效應……………………………………………………………63
3.6 PEG分子量對相轉換效應的影響…………………………………69
3.7含高濃度PEG的系統………………………………………………76
3.7.1相轉換特性……………………………………………………76
3.7.2含PEG及二相反應物的系統…………………………………79
3.8第三液相……………………………………………………………90
第四章 結論……………………………………………………………99
參考文獻………………………………………………………………101

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