臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

　　有機氯農藥 (OCPs) 為長久以來存在於環境中的污染物，其主要來自於農業的使用及瘧疾的控制上。於1970年代雖已被包含台灣的已開發國家禁用，但因其脂溶性高且半衰期長，在環境中具有相當高的穩定性，可經由食物鏈的生物累積作用而進入人體內，故各國仍不斷有測到存量，但台灣資料卻是極少，並無任何國際期刊資料。報告指出它們對人類具有生殖毒性、致癌性、神經毒性等危害，且在懷孕期間可經由胎盤進入胎兒中，分娩後新生兒可經由母乳攝入，體內累積有機氯農藥已發現所生嬰兒會顯著短小，但其之後發育與發展的影響則很少有研究提到。
　　本研究以中部地區健康的懷孕婦女為主要研究對象。實驗方法則利用C18、NH2及Bond Elut PCB等三種固相萃取管柱淨化樣品，並利用氣相層析質譜儀進行22種有機氯農藥的分析。而以本研究所設計的方法共測得β-HCH、γ-HCH、Heptachlor、Heptachlor epoxide、α-Chlordane、p,p’-DDE及p,p’-DDT等七種主要有機氯農藥，其中尤以p,p’-DDE (310 ± 270 ng/g-lipid) 的含量最高，p,p’-DDE (23 ± 14 ng/g-lipid) 其次。
　　與國內1983年的調查 (p,p’-DDE 3093 ng/g-lipid) 相比，可發現DDE濃度已明顯較之前降低。而和國外現有的相關研究比較，我國母乳中OCPs濃度亦是屬於比較低的。在鄰近台灣的亞洲國家間，p,p’-DDE與p,p’-DDT的殘存濃度，與日本 (p,p’-DDE 270 ng/g-lipid; p,p’-DDT 18 ng/g-lipid) 相近，低於中國大陸 (p,p’-DDE 2850 ng/g-lipid; p,p’-DDT 700 ng/g-lipid) ，後者可能與中國大陸1983年才禁用有關。從DDE/DDT的高比值亦顯示出台灣地區DDT內在劑量是屬於較早期的暴露。此外，由於生物累積的效應，發現p,p’-DDE、α-Chlordane、Heptachlor epoxide的濃度與母親年齡間有顯著的正相關性。
　　本研究提供一個監測人體有機氯農藥的方法，而測量結果得到母乳中的濃度是低於一般國家的，且由DDE/DDT的高比值顯示其為過去的暴露。初步亦看到有機氯農藥可能與幼兒心智發展有關，但須進一步將樣本數提高，以獲得更完整的資訊。

　　Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are broadly distributed environmental contaminants. They come from agriculture use and vector control. Despite the ban on OCPs in most of the developed nations since the early 1970s, they are highly lipophilic and can be bioaccumulated via food chain into human bodies. Human exposed to OCPs could induce various health effects including reproductive effects, carcinogenicity, and nervous toxicity. One of the ways these compounds are excreted is from mother to child: to some extent via the placenta and primarily via breast milk. Only a few studies show that OCPs may affect child health and development.
　　Thirty-six human milk samples from healthy women, aged 20-36 years, were collected during December 2000 to November 2001 in central Taiwan. Samples were extracted with a mixed solvent (glacial acetic acid and methanol), cleaned up with C18, NH2 and Bond Elut PCB solid phase extraction columns and analyzed by GC/MS. Of the 22 residues sought, only β-HCH, γ-HCH, Heptachlor, Heptachlor epoxide, α-Chlordane, p,p’-DDE and p,p’-DDT were detected. Mean levels of p,p’-DDE in human milk were 310 ± 270 ng/g-lipid, and p,p’-DDT were 23 ± 14 ng/g-lipid.
　　When compared to studies carried out in Asia over a similar time period, residues in this present study were shown to occur at similar or lower concentrations. High ratio of DDE/DDT indicates that DDT in human milk came from previous exposure. Correlations between the concentrations of p,p’-DDE, α-Chlordane and Heptachlor epoxide and age were seen due to their bioaccumulation. We found OCPs might affect children’s mental development and suggest further detailed studies on breast milk regarding health of infant should be performed.

總目錄
中文摘要 i
英文摘要 ii
誌謝 iii
總目錄 iv
表目錄 vi
圖目錄 vii
第一章 前言 1
第二章 文獻探討 3
2-1 有機氯農藥之性質 3
2-1-1 有機氯農藥之物理化學性質 3
2-1-2 有機氯農藥之毒性 6
2-2 有機氯農藥之介紹 9
2-2-1 有機氯農藥之沿革 9
2-2-2 有機氯農藥之分類 10
2-2-3 台灣地區有機氯農藥使用情形 11
2-2-4 台灣地區目前環境中有機氯農藥之分佈 12
2-3 對人體健康的影響 16
2-3-1 神經毒性 16
2-3-2 致癌性 18
2-3-3 荷爾蒙干擾 23
2-3-4 生殖毒性 23
2-4 母乳中有機氯農藥之含量及對幼兒健康之影響 25
2-5 有機氯農藥之分析技術 28
2-5-1 有機氯農藥之分析方法介紹 28
2-5-2 固相萃取技術 31
第三章 實驗步驟與方法 35
3-1 研究對象之收集 35
3-1-1 研究參與者 35
3-1-2 樣品的收集與保存 37
3-2 材料與設備 37
3-2-1 藥品及試劑 37
3-2-2 儀器設備 39
3-3 樣本前處理方法 39
3-3-1 脂含量之測定 39
3-3-2 有機氯農藥分析之前處理 40
3-4 儀器分析及程序 43
3-4-1 儀器分析 43
3-4-2 分析程序 45
3-4-3 數據之運算與整理 46
第四章 實驗之品質管理與品質保證 48
4-1 空白實驗 48
4-1-1 溶劑空白試驗 48
4-1-2 玻璃器皿空白試驗 48
4-1-3 固相萃取管柱空白試驗 49
4-2 儀器偵測極限 49
4-3 再現性試驗 49
4-4 建立標準品之檢量線 53
4-5 方法偵測極限 54
4-6 OCPs於分析儀器之滯留時窗 54
4-7 儲備標準品穩定性測試 56
第五章 結果與討論 60
5-1 固相萃取與液相-液相萃取的比較 60
5-2 研究對象之基本特徵描述 62
5-3 母乳中有機氯農藥測定 64
5-3-1 母乳中有機氯農藥含量 64
5-3-2 母乳中有機氯農藥測定值間相關程度 68
5-4 目前有機氯農藥在母乳中的殘存情況分析 70
5-4-1 世界各國研究結果之比較 70
5-4-2 亞洲國家研究結果之比較 74
5-5 母乳中有機氯農藥含量與相關影響因子之探討 77
5-5-1 生理上影響因子 77
5-5-2 外在影響因子 80
5-6 母乳中有機氯農藥含量與賀爾蒙因子之探討 82
5-7 母乳中有機氯農藥含量與幼兒發展影響之探討 84
第六章 結論與建議 86
6-1 結論 86
6-2 建議 88
參考文獻 90
附錄A 101
附錄B 109
附錄C 113

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