臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

焊接是一種常見的工業製程，電焊金屬燻煙中含錳、鎳、鉻、鉛等毒性金屬成分。由於金屬燻煙所導致的健康危害，難以歸咎於單一金屬成分，因此描繪電焊作業勞工從金屬燻煙所遭受的毒性金屬成分，是暴露評估的重要工作。本研究執行電焊作業勞工尿液與空氣樣本暴露測定，評估金屬成分濃度在暴露測定結果的相關性，及描繪電焊作業勞工金屬成分暴露實態。本研究獲得7位電焊作業勞工的參與，他們的平均年齡為33歲、工作年資約10年。金屬燻煙暴露測定於一年內，每月測量一個工作天內暴露狀況，所收集樣本包括區域採樣、個人採樣與上下工尿液；另外，最後一個月內，連續採集5個工作天，電焊作業勞工上下工尿液與空氣樣本。以問卷調查紀錄工作管理狀況，且採集無電焊燻煙暴露的廠區行政人員與非廠區族群的尿液樣本，作為此研究的兩個控制組。所有採集樣本前處理後，分別以原子吸收光譜儀(Varian AAS 220FS, Australia)搭配石墨式或火焰原子化器(graphite or flame tube atomizer)，進行金屬錳、鎳、鉻與鉛濃度測定。本研究共獲得電焊區33個空氣樣本、39個個人空氣暴露測定樣本、86個尿液樣本、及廠內行政區23個空氣樣本。作業環境空氣樣本的金屬錳、鎳、鉻與鉛平均分析濃度分別為：電焊A區是0.1865、0.0031、0.0070與0.0022mg/m3；B區是0.9293、0.0016、0.0038與0.0024 mg/m3，電焊作業勞工個人八小時時量平均金屬暴露濃度為：A區是0.0752、0.0032、0.0085與0.0032 mg/m3；B區是0.0687、0.0065、0.0100與0.0047 mg/m3。電焊區域的個人尿液與空氣樣本的金屬平均濃度皆高於行政區域。電焊作業勞工上工前尿液樣本之金屬錳、鎳、鉻與鉛平均濃度為56.78，13.49，40.94，372.92 g/L，下工尿液樣金屬平均濃度為42.29，12.44，26.03和146.66 g/L。電焊作業勞工上工尿液中金屬濃度皆高於下工後尿液樣本，且電焊作業勞工尿液樣本的金屬濃度皆高於兩組的控制組。勞工個人空氣暴露鉛和鎳濃度與上工前尿液樣本中鉛濃度呈顯著正相關（p值< 0.05）。勞工無論上工前或下工後尿液樣本中，鉛與錳、鎳、鉻皆呈顯著正相關（p值< 0.05）；下工後尿液中錳與鎳、上工尿液鉛和空氣樣本的鎳呈顯著正相關（p值< 0.05）。連續5個工作天採集電焊勞工的尿液樣本，發現錳、鎳、鉻、鉛濃度在連續天是無差異的穩定狀態，而相較於過去一年內對勞工下工尿液測得的錳、鎳、鉻、鉛濃度則有明顯的變異。由於金屬在人體尿液檢體的半衰期仍不明確，尚須更多研究以提供正確半衰期，作為生物偵測暴露評估參考，如此將有助於描繪電焊作業勞工金屬燻煙暴露實態。

Welding is a common industrial process. Metal fume from welding operations contains potentially toxic metal compositions including chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), etc. Because of the difficulties of attributing health hazards caused by metal fume exposure to single agent, it is important to characterize the toxic metal compositions of metal fume exposure for welding workers. The objectives of this study were to characterize exposure profiles of metal components and to evaluate the correlations of metal components between urine and air samples for welding workers with metal fume exposure. Seven welding workers with average age 33 years old and 10 work years were recruited in the study. Two groups of people without welding fume exposure were selected as the control groups of this study. The metal fume exposure of the workers was measured in one workday of each month in one year. Also, campaign sampling was conducted in five consecutive workdays in the last month. Fixed-pointed air sampling at the work environment and personal breathing-zone sampling for the welding workers were conducted. Both urine samples of pre- and post-work shifts were collected from the workers on each exposure sampling day. Urine samples were collected for the control groups. A questionnaire was administered to record the work activities of the workers while the exposure sampling was performed. The masses of Mn, Ni, Cr, and Pb in the collected air and urine samples collected were measured by an atomic absorption spectrometer equipped with a graphite furnace (Varian AAS 220FS, Australia). A total of 33 fixed-pointed samples, 39 personal breathing-zone samples, and 86 urine samples, 23 administration zone air samples of the welding factory were obtained. The average exposure concentrations of Mn, Ni, Cr, and Pb for the air samples taken at the welding area A of the factory were 0.1865, 0.0031, 0.007 and 0.0022 mg/m3；at the welding area B 0.9293, 0.0016, 0.0038 and 0.0024 mg/m3, respectively. The personal 8-hour time-weighted average exposure concentrations of Mn, Ni, Cr and Pb for the welding area A were 0.0752, 0.0032, 0.0085 and 0.0032 mg/m3；for the welding area B 0.0687, 0.0065, 0.0100 and 0.0047 mg/m3, respectively. The metal concentrations of the air samples taken at the welding areas were significantly higher than those of the air samples taken at administration work areas. The average concentrations of Mn, Ni, Cr, and Pb for the pre-work shift urine samples were 56.78, 13.49, 40.94 and 372.92 g/L; and for the post-work shift urine samples 42.29, 12.44, 26.03 and 146.66 g/L, respectively. The metal concentrations of the pre-work shift urine samples were higher than those of the post-work shift urine samples. The metal concentrations of the urine samples of the welding workers were higher than those of both control groups. The concentrations of Pb in the pre-work shift urine samples were significantly correlated with those of Pb and Ni in the personal air exposure samples (p-value < 0.05). For the urine samples of both pre- and post-work shifts, the concentration of Pb had a significantly positive correlation with those of Mn, Ni and Cr (p-value < 0.05). The concentrations of Mn and Ni in the post-work shift urine samples were significantly positively correlated (p-value < 0.05). The concentrations of Mn, Ni, Cr and Pb measured from the urine samples taken in five consecutive work days were quite stable in the short-term period. In comparison with the concentrations of Mn, Ni, Cr and Pb measured from the urine samples collected in one year, significant variation was observed in the long-term period. Because the half-lives of the metals measured in the urine samples were still not ascertained, more studies on the half-lives of the metals will be necessary. The confirmed half-lives will provide useful information of using biological monitoring methods for the characterization of the exposure profile of the metal fume for the welding workers.

誌謝 I
ABSTRACT IV
目錄 VI
表目錄 VIII
圖目錄 IX
第一章 前言 1
1.1 研究背景與動機 1
1.2 研究目的 2
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2.1 電焊作業背景 3
2.2電焊作業對環境中產生危害因子 5
2.3電焊燻煙物質對人體之健康效應 6
2.3.1金屬燻煙之危害與疾病 6
2.3.2電焊燻煙粒徑分佈 9
2.4 電焊燻煙金屬成分吸收 9
2.5 電焊作業勞工金屬燻煙暴露生物偵測 10
2.6 電焊燻煙暴露評估研究 11
第三章 研究方法與設備 13
3.1 研究設計 13
3.2 研究對象 13
3.3 採樣策略 15
3.3.1 電焊作業及工作場所介紹 15
3.3.2 作業環境測定之定點環境粉塵採樣 15
3.3.3 個人尿液樣本測定 22
3.3.4 現場工作紀錄狀況 23
3.4 儀器分析條件 23
3.4.1作業環境測定與個人呼吸區帶樣本處理方法 24
3.4.2 尿液樣本分析 25
3.5樣本分析品保品管 25
3.5.1標準品檢量線製作 25
3.5.2檢量線與偵測極限 (Limit of Detection, LOD) 26
3.5.3 分析樣本品管/品保 26
3.5.4 回收率 26
3.5.5 精確度測試 27
3.5.6空白分析(Sample Blank) 27
3.6實驗室分析方法與結果 27
3.6.1 檢量線結果 27
3.6.2 檢量線之偵測極限 29
3.6.3 回收率結果 30
3.6.4 空白樣本分析結果 31
3.7 資料統計分析 31
第四章 結果與討論 32
4.1 作業環境測定 32
4.1.1 空氣粉塵金屬濃度分析測定 32
4.2 研究對象基本資料 33
4.2.1 勞工人口學分佈 34
4.2.2 暴露組與非暴露組採集樣本測定結果 36
4.2.3 電焊作業勞工個人下工尿液樣本中金屬濃度分析 40
4.3 電焊勞工個人空氣與尿液樣本之分析濃度 44
4.4 個人尿液和空氣樣本金屬濃度與容許暴露濃度之比較 45
4.4.1 採集作業環境之空氣樣本與容許濃度比較分析 46
4.4.2 作業勞工尿液樣本中金屬濃度與恕限值比較分析 47
4.4.3 焊接方式不同區分電焊作業勞工尿液與空氣樣本分析 48
第五章 結論與建議 50
5.1 結論 50
5.2 建議 51
附錄一 採樣紀錄表 65
附錄二 人體試驗審查通過證明函 68
附錄三 採樣時濾紙前後秤重紀錄表 69
附錄四 尿液、空氣樣本測定值與平均值及標準差 72


表目錄
表2-1 金屬錳、鉛、鎳與鉛的作業環境空氣中容許濃度標準 8
表3-1 作業環境測定之採樣點說明 18
表3-2 儀器分析升溫條件 24
表3-3 金屬錳檢量線數據之濃度與吸光值 27
表3-4 金屬鎳檢量線數據之濃度與吸光值 28
表3-5 金屬鉻檢量線數據之濃度與吸光值 28
表3-6金屬鉛檢量線數據之濃度與吸光值 28
表3-7 空氣、尿液樣本分析之金屬元素偵測極限 29
表3-8 空氣樣本回收率 30
表3-9 尿液樣本回收率 30
表4-1 儀器分析空氣樣本之金屬物質濃度 33
表4-2 本研究勞工人口學資料 34
表4-3 電焊勞工人口學資料 34
表4-4 行政人員之人口學資料 35
表4-5 非廠區人員之人口學資料 35
表4-6 尿液樣本之儀器分析濃度 36
表4-7 勞工個人尿液中金屬濃度連續天暴露測定 37
表4-8 連續五個工作天下工尿液樣本測定金屬平均濃度與變異情形 41
表4-9 長期測定勞工下工後尿液樣本中金屬平均濃度與變異情形 41
表4-10 連續天與長期採集電焊勞工下工尿液樣本之變異係數 41
表4-11 勞工個人空氣與上下工尿液樣本之金屬濃度相關性 45
表4-12 空氣粉塵採樣區之可吸入性粉塵金屬濃度分佈 47
表4-13 研究對象之尿液樣本中金屬濃度分析 48
表4-14 焊接方式區分電焊勞工上下工尿液與個人空氣採樣之金屬濃度 49

圖目錄
圖2-1 電焊時電焊點之情形 5
圖3.1 研究架構流程圖 14
圖3-2 精密零組件製造廠電焊作業流程 15
圖3-3 作業區域放置IOM採樣幫浦(左圖)；勞工配帶IOM採樣器(右圖) 16
圖3-4 IOM個人採樣幫浦(左圖)；定點總粉塵開口式濾紙匣(右圖) 16
圖3-5 精密零組件製造廠採樣區域平面圖 19
圖3.6 電焊A區域平面圖 19
圖3.7 電焊B區域平面圖 20
圖3.8 行政辦公區域平面圖 20
圖3-9 錳、鎳、鉻與鉛檢量線描繪圖 29
圖4-1 連續五天工作天上下工尿液中金屬錳、鎳、鉻與鉛平均濃度變化 38
圖4-2 電焊作業五位勞工連續天上下工尿液樣本之錳濃度 39
圖4-3 電焊作業五位勞工連續天上下工尿液樣本之鎳濃度 39
圖4-4 電焊作業五位勞工連續天上下工尿液樣本之鉻濃度 39
圖4-5 電焊作業五位勞工連續天上下工尿液樣本之鉛濃度 40
圖4-6-1 (A)連續五個工作天採集下工尿液樣本中金屬錳濃度變異 41
圖4-6-2 (B)一年期間採集下工後尿液樣本中金屬錳濃度變異 42
圖4-7-1 (A)連續五個工作天採集下工尿液樣本中金屬鎳濃度變異 42
圖4-7-2 (B)一年期間採集下工後尿液樣本中金屬鎳濃度變異 42
圖4-8-1 (A)連續五個工作天採集下工尿液樣本中金屬鉻濃度變異 43
圖4-8-2 (B)一年期間採集下工後尿液樣本中金屬鉻濃度變異 43
圖4-9-1 (A)連續五個工作天採集下工尿液樣本中金屬鉛濃度變 43
圖4-9-2 (B)一年期間採集下工後尿液樣本中金屬鉛濃度變異 44

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