臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

因應高產乳牛營養需要，擬以熱擠壓大豆粕及血粉為未降解蛋白質來源，配合保護脂肪與胺基酸進行一系列之研究，探討對乳牛瘤胃、血液及產乳性狀之影響，得到下列結果：
試驗一以原位測定法（in situ）測定經熱擠壓處理的大豆粕（110℃、141 ℃），於瘤胃中培養不同時間點後蛋白質之降解率與蛋白質品質之變化；結果顯示，經141 ℃熱擠壓之大豆粕其粗蛋白質快速可溶部分減少，潛在可降解部分增加，其在瘤胃之降解速率減緩，並提高瘤胃中未降解蛋白質之比例。
試驗二探討使用保護油脂與141 ℃熱擠壓大豆粕，以提高能量及未降解蛋白質，來改善泌乳牛產乳性狀；結果顯示，不同飼糧處理雖然對於採食量、乳量、乳蛋白率、乳糖率及體增重皆無顯著影響，但添加保護油脂顯著提高乳脂產量、3.5﹪FCM及總固形物之產量。血液性狀顯示，添加熱擠壓大豆粕組顯著降低血液中尿素氮之濃度，添加保護油脂極顯著升高血液中膽固醇之濃度，並降低瘤胃之pH值。加熱擠壓大豆粕組之瘤胃氨態氮極顯著降低，但對瘤胃液之pH值及個別VFA之莫耳百分比於各組間皆無顯著差異。顯示以加熱擠壓大豆粕提供乳牛未降解蛋白質，雖無法改善產乳量，但會影響瘤胃蛋白質之分解速率，進而降低瘤胃液之氨態氮之濃度及血液中尿素氮濃度，而添加保護油脂可以提高乳脂肪及總固形物之產量。
試驗三評估熱季乳牛日糧中添加鋅螯合胺基酸（Zn-RPAA），對荷蘭乾乳牛瘤胃性狀之影響；試驗結果顯示，添加鋅螯合胺基酸對瘤胃液之pH值、氨態氮及總揮發性脂肪酸濃度無影響。個別揮發性脂肪酸中之乙酸莫耳百分比及乙酸/丙酸比，於添加鋅螯合甲硫胺酸（Zn-RPMet）及離胺酸（Zn-RPLys）組，顯著較其他三組為高；丙酸之莫耳百分比則以鋅螯合甲硫胺酸及離胺酸組顯著較其他組為低，丁酸與戊酸之莫耳百分比仍以對照 組及螯合甲硫胺酸組顯著高於含鋅螯合離胺酸組，對異丁酸及異戊酸則無顯著影響。故乳牛飼糧中同時添加鋅螯合甲硫胺酸及離胺酸，會增加瘤胃之乙酸莫耳百分比及乙酸/丙酸比。
試驗四探討熱擠壓處理的大豆粕與保護甲硫胺酸之調配，對泌乳牛之產乳性狀、血液性狀及對飼糧消化吸收之影響；試驗結果顯示，飼糧處理不影響牛乳產量、乳脂率、乳糖率、總固形物率及體增重。添加保護甲硫胺酸組，顯著提高採食量、乳蛋白率及3.5%FCM、乳蛋白、乳脂肪、乳糖和總固形物之產量。未降解蛋白質之添加有降低血液中尿素氮之趨勢。不同飼糧處理對瘤胃及總腸道之乾物質、粗蛋白質、有機質及酸洗纖維的表面消化率並無影響。保護甲硫胺酸雖然無法提高產乳量，但可以提高乳成分之產量。而加熱擠壓大豆粕對產乳性狀無影響，但會降低血中尿素氮。
試驗五探討添加血粉提高飼糧未降解蛋白質（UIP）與保護甲硫胺酸（RPMet）對泌乳牛之產乳性能、血液性狀之影響；結果顯示，飼糧處理不影響採食量、體增重、產乳量、乳脂率、乳糖率，也不影響血漿尿素氮及總膽固醇含量。添加RPMet與血粉組顯著提高牛乳蛋白率、固形物率、3.5﹪FCM、乳蛋白、乳脂肪、乳糖及乳固形物之產量。因此添加保護甲硫胺酸，雖無法提高產乳量，但可以增加乳蛋白等乳成分之總產量，而添加血粉以提高UIP並未能改善產乳性能。

Researches were conducted to evaluate the effect of applying undegradable protein(UDP) sources and protected fat, amino acids on the improvement of lactation performance of Holstein cows. In exp. 1, In situ measurement on the heat extruded soybean meal was worked and found that the solublility and rumen degradability were decreased. Nevertheless, the potential protein and the ratio of undegradable protein increased. In exp. 2 the heat extruded soybean meal(1410C) and protected fat were used to increased the energy content and undegradable protein for the lactating cows. There was no dietary effect on feed intake, milk yield and percentage of milk protein and lactose. However, the milk fat yield, 3.5% FCM and total solid yield were increased (P<0.05) when supplemented with protected fat. The concentration of blood urea nitrogen was lower (P<0.05) with the supplementation of heat extruded soybean meal. The concentration of blood cholesterol was higher (P<0.01) and the pH value in rumen extract was lower (P<0.01) when using protected fat. The concentration of ammonia nitrogen in the ruminal fluid was decreased (P<0.01) with the heat-extruded soybean meal, indicated that the nitrogen utilization was improved. In exp.3. the effect of dietary supplementation of Zn-RPMet and Zn-RPLys on ruminal characteristics were evaluated. Results showed that there was no effect on ruminal pH , ammonia nitriogen and total volatile fatty acid. The acetate molar percentage and acetate/ propionate ratio in Groups D (supplemented with Zn-RPMet and Zn-RPLys) were higher than other treatments (P<0.05). The propionate molar percentage in supplemented with Zn-RPMet and Zn-RPLys was lower (P<0.05). A higher butyrate and valerate molar percentage were obtained in Groups A (control) and B (Zn-RPMet) than Groups D (Zn-RPMet and Zn-RPLys) (P<0.05). However, the isobutyrate and isovalerate molar percentages in rumen fluid were not significantly different among the treatments. In exp.4, the effect of dietary supplementation of heat extruded soybean meal and protected methionine were evaluated. There was no dietary effect on milk yield, percentage of milk fat and milk lactose and total milk solids. The feed intake, percentage of milk protein, and 3.5% of FCM yield and milk protein, fat, lactose and total milk solid were higher (P < 0.05) in the diet added RPMet. There was no diet effect on digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, organic matter, acid detergent fiber when measured at ruminal or total duodenal tract. Although the feeding of protected methionine could not increase the milk yield, it could increase the milk compositions production. In exp. 5, the effect of blood meal and RPMet were evaluated. Results showed that there was no dietary effect on the feed intake, weight gain, milk yield, percentage of milk fat and lactose and the plasma urea nitrogen and cholesterol. The percentage of milk protein, milk solid and 3.5% of FCM yield, the production of milk protein, fat, lactose, and total milk solid were increased (P<0.05) in the cows fed diet added RPMet and blood meal. In the rumen fluid, the concentration of ammonia nitrogen was lower (P<0.05) with the blood meal supplement , but no difference was found in VFA molar percentage among treatments. Although the feeding of rumen-protected methionine could not increase the milk yield, it increase the milk constituent production. The supplementation of blood meal to increase the UIP could not improve the milk production.

頁次
壹、中文摘要--------------------------------------- 1
貳、前言 ------ 3
參、文獻檢討 ------ 4
第一章、瘤胃相關性狀 --------------------------------- 4
一、瘤胃pH值 ----------------------------------------- 4
〈一〉飼糧組成 --------------------------------------- 5
〈二〉採樣時間及方法 --------------------------------- 5
〈三〉測定部位 --------------------------------------- 5
〈四〉其他因素 ------------------------------------- 5
二、揮發性脂肪酸 ------------------------------------ 6
（一）影響瘤胃內總揮發性脂肪酸濃度及個別揮發性脂肪酸耳百分比
之因素 ---------------------------------------------- 6
1、飼糧組成 ---------------------------------------- 6
2、飼養時間、方式及採樣之方法 ----------------------- 8
3、瘤胃之pH值 ---------------------------------------- 8
4、個別揮發性脂肪酸之互相轉變 ------------------------ 8
〈二〉揮發性脂肪酸之吸收 ----------------------------- 8
〈三〉揮發性脂肪酸之代謝與利用 ----------------------- 9
第二章、瘤胃未降解蛋白質系統 ------------------------ 10
一、瘤胃氮之來源 ------------------------------------ 10
〈一〉飼糧中的氮 ------------------------------------ 10
〈二〉尿素循環 -------------------------------------- 10
〈三〉內源性及微生物被降解的氮 ---------------------- 12
二、瘤胃微生物對蛋白質降解之關係 -------------------- 12
三、影響蛋白質降解速率之因素 ------------------------ 13
〈一〉攝食量 ---------- 13
〈二〉飼料原料種類與特性 ---------- 13
〈三〉飼料加工與貯存 ---------- 14
〈四〉化學處理方式 ---------- 14
〈五〉瘤胃停留時間 ---------- 14
四、蛋白質降解率之測定之方法 ------------------------ 14
〈一〉實體測定法 ---------- 15
〈二〉原位測定法 ---------- 15
〈三〉蛋白質的溶解性測定法 ---------- 16
〈四〉實驗室內以人工瘤胃測定法 ---------- 16
五、原位測定法與實體及實驗室測定法之比較 ---------- 16
〈一〉原位測定法及實體測定法之評估 ---------- 16
〈二〉原位測定及體外測定法之評估 ---------- 16
六、瘤胃保護蛋白質之方法及胺基酸之利用 ---------- 17
〈一〉提高大豆粕未降解蛋白質之方法 ---------- 17
1、烘烤 ---------- 18
2、擠壓 ------------------------------------------- 18
3、壓榨 ------------------------------------------- 18
4、木質硫酸鹽液處理 ------------------------------- 19
〈二〉加熱處理對大豆粕之蛋白質及胺基酸之影響 ------ 19
〈三〉熱處理之大豆粕為瘤胃未降解蛋白質來源對泌乳牛之影響 -- 20
第三章、瘤胃保護胺基酸之應用 ---------------------- 22
一、飼糧中胺基酸之含量 ---------------------------- 22
二、乳牛之限制胺基酸 ------------------------------ 24
三、保護胺基酸之形式 ------------------------------ 25
四、保護胺基酸之應用 ------------------------------ 26
〈一〉乳量及乳固形物之提升 ------------------------ 27
〈二〉促進體內胺基酸之平衡及減少氮之排放 ---------- 27
〈三〉長期健康之維護 ------------------------------ 28
第四章、瘤胃保護脂肪之應用 ------------------------ 30
一、飼糧中脂質來源及脂肪酸組成 -------------------- 30
二、反芻動物脂質的消化吸收及代謝 ------------------ 30
〈一〉瘤蜂胃的消化及代謝 -------------------------- 33
1、脂質水解與氫化作用 ----------------------------- 33
2、微生物脂質之合成 ------------------------------- 35
〈二〉脂質在腸道的消化及吸收 ---------------------- 36
〈三〉脂肪的運輸、代謝及牛乳脂肪之合成 ------------ 36
三、保護脂肪之應用 ------------------------------- 38
〈一〉長鏈飽和脂肪酸或含油種子類 ---------------- 38
〈二〉氫化處理之保護脂肪 ----------------------------- 39
〈三〉皂化脂肪 --------------------------------------- 40
〈四〉包覆型脂肪 ------------------------------------- 40
四、添加脂質對反芻動物消化、代謝、繁殖及牛乳生產性狀之影響 ---------------- 40
〈一〉脂質對消化率之影響 ----------------------------- 40
〈二〉脂肪對乳脂率之影響 ---------------------------- 41
〈三〉脂肪對乳蛋白率之影響 --------------------------- 42
1、乳量稀釋效應 ------------------------------------ 42
2、內分泌作用 ---------------------------------------- 43
(1) 胰島素 ------------------------------------------- 43
(2) 牛生長激素 ------------------------------------ 43
3、乳腺血流量 --------------------------------------- 43
4、促進繁殖效能 -------------------------------------- 44
肆、試驗部分 --------------------------------- 46
試驗一、原位測定法評估熱擠壓處理大豆粕中未降解蛋白質含量及胺基酸組成 --- 46
摘要 ------------------------------------------------- 46
壹、前言 ---------------------------------------- 46
貳、材料與方法 --------------------------------------- 47
一、試驗動物及飼養管理 ------------------------------- 47
二、試驗原料的及來源及處理 --------------------------- 47
三、大豆粕及熱擠壓大豆粕可利用胺基酸含量比例之測定 --- 47
四、原位測定法程序 ---------------------------------- 48
五、數據分析與降解率之計算 --------------------------- 49
六、統計分析 ----------------------------------------- 50
參、結果與討論 --------------------------------------- 50
一、熱擠壓大豆粕蛋白質降解率之評估 ------------------ 50
二、熱擠壓處理對大豆粕胺基酸組成之影響 --------------- 53
肆、結論 --------------------------------------------- 55
試驗二、飼糧中添加熱擠壓大豆粕與保護油脂對荷蘭乳牛生產、血液及瘤胃性
狀之影響 ------------------------------------- 56
摘要 ------------------------------------------------- 56
壹、前言 -------------------------------------------- 56
貳、材料與方法 --------------------------------------- 57
一、試驗設計、日糧配製及飼養管理 --------------------- 57
二、採樣及分析 -------------------------------------- 59
三、統計分析 -------------------------------------- 60
參、結果與討論 --------------------------------------- 61
一、對乾物質採食量及體增重之影響 --------------------- 61
二、對乳產量及乳成分之影響 --------------------------- 61
三、對血中尿素氮及膽固醇之影響 ---------------------- 63
四、對瘤胃液之pH值、氨態氮及揮發性脂肪酸之影響 ------- 64
肆、結論 --------------------------------------------- 66
試驗三、鋅螯合胺基酸對荷蘭牛瘤胃性狀之影響 ----------- 67
摘要 ------------------------------------------------- 67
壹、前言 ----------------------------------------- 67
貳、材料與方法 ------------------------------------- 68
一、試驗動物與飼養管理 ------------------------------ 68
二、試驗方法 ---------------------------------------- 68
三、測定項目及方法 ----------------------------------- 68
〈一〉飼糧採集及乾物質測定 ------------------------- 68
〈二〉粗蛋白質、鈣、磷 ------------------------------ 70
〈三〉中性洗劑纖維、酸性洗劑纖維 --------------------- 70
〈四〉瘤胃液氨態氮 ----------------------------- 70
〈五〉揮發性脂肪酸之測定 ---------------------------- 70
〈六〉統計分析 ------------------------------- 70
參、結果與討論 --------------------------------- 71
肆、結論 --------------------------------------------- 74
試驗四、飼糧中添加保護甲硫胺酸與熱擠壓大豆粕對乳牛泌乳性狀之影響 --- 77
摘要 ----------------------------------------- 77
壹、前言 --------------------------------------------- 77
貳、材料與方法 -------------------------------------- 78
一、試驗設計、飼糧調配及飼養管理 -------------------- 78
（一）泌乳牛飼養試驗 ------------------------------ 78
（二）瘤胃及十二指腸廔管牛試驗 ----------------------- 80
二、測定項目及方法 --------------------------------- 80
（一）泌乳牛飼養試驗 -------------------------------- 80
（二）瘤胃及十二指腸廔管牛試驗 ------------------- 81
（三）統計分析 ------------------------------------ 82
參、結果與討論 ------------------------------------ 82
一、對產乳量及乳成分之影響 ------------------------ 82
二、對乾物質、採食量、體增重及血中尿素氮之影響 ---- 83
三、對乾物質、有機質、粗蛋白質及酸洗纖維瘤胃及總腸道之表面
消化率的影響 -------------------------------------- 85
肆、結論 ------------------------------------------ 85
試驗五、飼糧添加血粉與保護甲硫胺酸對荷蘭牛產乳及瘤胃性狀之影響 --------- 88
摘要 ---------------------------------------------- 88
壹、前言 ------------------------------------------ 88
貳、材料與方法 ------------------------------------ 90
一、試驗設計、日糧配製及飼養管理 ------------------ 90
二、採樣及分析 ------------------------------------ 90
三、統計分析 -------------------------------------- 92
參、結果與討論 ------------------------------------ 93
一、對乾物質採食量及體增重之影響 ------------------ 93
二、對乳產量及乳成分之影響 ------------------------ 94
三、對血中尿素氮及膽固醇之影響 -------------------- 96
四、對瘤胃液之pH值、氨態氮及揮發性脂肪酸之影響 ---- 96
肆、結論 ------------------------------------------ 98
伍、總結 ------------------------------------------ 99
陸、參考文獻 -------------------------------------- 100
柒、英文摘要 -------------------------------------- 131

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