臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究目的在於探討柴油中摻混不同比例之液體生質燃料所形成之蓖麻油/柴油和乙醇/柴油混合燃料之單一液滴在熱環境的受熱行為以及柴油引擎性能和廢氣排放，以期作為後續液體生質燃料於柴油引擎實際應用的重要參考。本研究分為兩部分：(1)使用懸掛液滴加熱裝置觀察添加不同比例蓖麻油/柴油和乙醇/柴油之單顆液滴受熱行為；(2)使用柴油直接噴射引擎分析蓖麻油/柴油混燒和乙醇/柴油混燒的引擎性能及污染排放。本研究使用之油品為 (diesel)、純度為99.5%的乙醇(ethanol)，以及冷榨萃取所產製的蓖麻油(castor oil)。懸掛液滴加熱實驗是將直徑約1mm的液滴懸掛至熱電偶上，送至不同熱環境(Tsur=300℃、400℃、500℃)中，由懸掛液滴之熱電偶觀察液滴受熱過程，利用高速攝影機拍攝液滴在熱環境中的受熱行為，如蒸發(evaporation)、膨脹(expansion)、噴發(ejection)及微爆(microexplosion)。懸掛液滴加熱實驗結果顯示，在單一油品液滴，柴油及乙醇分別僅能觀察到蒸發現象，兩者皆隨熱環境升溫而增加蒸發的速率，而蓖麻油在熱環境溫度為300℃，液滴幾乎沒有變化，蒸發速率緩慢，升溫至400℃之後，能觀察到噴發現象，隨著溫度提升而有更劇烈的噴發。柴油摻混不同比例的蓖麻油(5%、10%、20%、30%)之液滴受熱實驗結果顯示，隨熱環境溫度的提升，摻混蓖麻油比例的增加皆會造成液滴受熱的噴發更劇烈。柴油摻混不同比例的乙醇(10%、20%、25%、30%)之液滴加熱實驗結果顯示，在熱環境溫度為500℃，摻混乙醇比例低，僅觀察到液滴蒸發及噴發，摻混乙醇比例達到25%、30%，液滴分別在0.653s及0.315s處發生微爆。整體來說，增加摻混乙醇的比例，可使液滴發生微爆。柴油引擎燃燒實驗結果顯示，柴油摻混蓖麻油或乙醇，汽缸之最大燃燒壓力皆有些微增加，摻混蓖麻油影響較多；與原始(純柴油)相比，制動比能量消耗率(BSEC)較低，制動熱效率(BTE)較高；排氣溫度小幅下降。引擎燃燒污染排放結果顯示，摻混蓖麻油之比例增加，NOx排放量有些微增加；摻混乙醇之比例增加，NOx排放量則是顯示略微下降。CO2及煙度的排放，摻混蓖麻油或乙醇皆微幅下降。與原始(純柴油)相較之下，碳微粒(PM2.5、PM10)排放隨摻混蓖麻油(或乙醇)之比例增加而下降，以PM2.5而言，摻混蓖麻油比例5%和10%，比原始(純柴油)分別降低20%和23%，摻混乙醇比例5%及10%，比原始(純柴油)分別減少38%至48%。

Heat behaviors of a single droplet of castor oil/diesel blends were examined using a suspended-droplet heating device. The castor oil used in the experiment was produced from the cold pressing process of castor seeds. Ethanol has a purity of 99.5%. Diesel employed was petroleum diesel. The heating temperature (environment temperature) and the mixing ratio of castor oil/diesel (or ethanol/diesel) blends were varied in the experiment. The vaporization, expansion, bubbling, ejecting, swelling and microexplosion were recorded by a high-speed video system. Meanwhile, the temperature history and variations of drop size were measured by two K-type thermocouples in the heating process. The results showed that the evaporation rate of the droplet identified by the slope of the d2-law increased with heating temperature. With an increase in heating temperature or blending ratio of castor oil (or ethanol), expansion occurred at a shorter time and the droplet evaporated faster corresponding a shorter droplet lifetime. Microexplosion did not occur for the castor oil/diesel blended fuel. However, when blending ratios of ethanol were 25% and 30%, microexplosion occurred at a heating temperature of 500 oC.
Engine test was conducted for 0% (pure diesel), 5% and 10% castor oil in the castor oil–diesel emulsion. The results showed that instability did not occur during the engine test. It was verified that the use of 5% and 10% castor oil in the castor oil-diesel blends showed similar maximum pressure in the combustion chamber and exhaust gas temperature as compared with petroleum diesel. BSEC (brake specific energy consumption) and BTE (brake thermal efficiency) were slightly decreased and increased, respectively. The addition of castor oil to petroleum diesel led to a slight increase in NOx emission and slight decrease in CO2 emission as well as smoke opacity. Furthermore, the 5% and 10% blending ratios of castor oil in the castor oil/diesel emulsions were found to reduce PM2.5 by 20 and 23%, respectively, compared to the petroleum diesel. Similar results were observed for diesel engine test using ethanol/diesel blends as fuels, except that the NOx emission slightly reduced due to the decreased gas temperature caused by higher latent heat of vaporization of ethanol.

一、前言------------------------------------------------1
1-1研究重要性-------------------------------------------3
　　1-2文獻回顧-----------------------------------------4
　　1-2-1混合燃料或乳化燃料油滴研究-------------------4
　　1-2-2醇類－生質柴油－柴油混燒研究-----------------6
　　1-3研究目的-----------------------------------------11
二、研究設備與實驗步驟-----------------------------------13
　　2-1懸掛液滴設備及實驗方法-----------------------------13
　　2-1-1熱環境和加熱裝置----------------------------13
　　2-1-2熱電偶-------------------------------------14
　　2-1-3訊號擷取系統--------------------------------14
　　 2-1-4馬達與直線移動機構---------------------------15
　　2-1-5影像紀錄系統--------------------------------15
　　　　2-1-6影像與溫度紀錄同步系統------------------------15
　　　　2-1-7高速均質攪拌機-------------------------------16
　　2-1-8實驗方法及步驟-------------------------------16
　　2-1-9液滴的直徑量測-------------------------------16
　　2-1-10影像同步與溫度資料---------------------------16
　　2-2柴油引擎性能測試及污染排放-----------------------17
　　2-2-1柴油引擎動力計實驗系統---------------------17
　　2-2-2引擎燃燒特性及污染排放分析-----------------18
　　2-2-3採樣排氣管中的粒狀汙染物(PM2.5、PM10)------18
　　2-2-4實驗步驟-----------------------------------18
2-2-4-1引擎實驗量測流程-------------------------19
2-2-4-2微粒採集實驗步驟-------------------------20
三、結果與討論------------------------------------------21
3-1柴油和蓖麻油之物化特性---------------------------21
　　3-2懸掛液滴實驗-------------------------------------21
　　3-2-1液滴受熱行為之判別-------------------------21
　　3-2-2單一油品液滴之受熱分析---------------------21
　　3-2-3柴油摻混蓖麻油之液滴受熱分析---------------22
　　3-2-4柴油摻混乙醇液滴之受熱分析-----------------23
　　3-3柴油引擎燃燒實驗---------------------------------24
　　3-3-1柴油摻混蓖麻油之引擎燃燒分析---------------24
　　　　3-3-1-1氣缸燃燒壓力分析---------------------24
　　　　3-3-1-2制動比能量消耗率(BSEC)分析-----------24
　　　　3-3-1-3制動熱效率(BTE)分析------------------25
　　　　3-3-1-4排氣溫度分析-------------------------25
　　　　3-3-1-5燃燒污染排放分析---------------------25
　　3-3-2柴油摻混乙醇之引擎燃燒分析-----------------26
　　　　3-3-2-1氣缸燃燒壓力分析---------------------26
3-3-2-2制動比能量消耗率(BSEC)分析-----------27
3-3-2-3制動熱效率(BTE)分析------------------27
3-3-2-4排氣溫度分析-------------------------27
　　　　3-3-2-5燃燒汙染排放分析---------------------28
四、結論------------------------------------------------30
五、參考文獻--------------------------------------------32
六、圖表------------------------------------------------39

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