臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

語音是人們溝通最自然且富含情緒的表達方式，且在情感計算研究上是不可或缺的一大關鍵技術。在傳統的語句層級與切割層級的語音情緒辨識中，較少討論語句之間情緒起伏的架構狀態關係。
本論文提出情感階層式架構的語音情緒辨識方法，採用Canny邊界偵測演算法，對語音訊號在頻譜圖上表現的相似度進行假設斷點的偵測。並利用支持向量機之情緒模型，偵測假設斷點中情緒表現形成emotion profile向量，並選取情緒表現中差異最大之處做為斷點，將語音訊號以二元階層式架構呈現。為避免二元階層式架構中節點的唯一性，在階層式架構規則推導時產生規則過多導致資料稀疏的情形，採用向量量化的技術對節點進行編碼，以碼字間連接關係描述語音訊號的階層式架構。最後導入機率式句法結構的概念，對碼字間關係所建立而成的階層式架構模型化，以提供語音訊號進行情緒辨識。
實驗方面，本論文採用包含了七種情緒類別的德語EMODB情緒語料庫進行研究，並以音檔串接的方式增加長語句數量，共1495句語句，並採用語者獨立交互驗證方式辨識。其結果顯示，本論文所提出之語音情緒辨識方法，在長語句的辨識效果較佳，有效的針對語句的情緒起伏情形模型化，其辨識率可達到87.22%，相較於語句層級的辨識效果較佳。未來希望可以透過真實語料的蒐集與分析，建立更符合人類自發性情緒表達的階層式架構模型。

Speech is the most natural way with rich emotional information for communication. Recognition of emotions in speech plays an important role in affective computing. Related research on utterance-level and segment-level processing lacks the understanding of the underlying structure of emotional speech. In this thesis, a hierarchical approach to modeling affective structure based on probabilistic context free grammar is proposed for recognition. Canny edge detection algorithm is employed to detect the hypothesized segment boundaries of speech signal according to spectral similarity. Emotion profiles generated from the SVM-based classification model are used to find a maximum change boundary between segments. Then, a binary tree is constructed to derive the hierarchical structure with multi-layer speech segments. Vector quantization is further used to generate emotion-profile codebook and a hierarchical representation of the speech segments. Probabilistic context free grammar is adopted to model the hierarchical relations between codewords for affective structure modeling. In order to evaluate the proposed method, Berlin emotional speech database (EMO-DB) with 1495 utterances and 7 emotions and the leave-one-speaker-out cross validation scheme was employed. For investigating the effect of utterance length, concatenation of two or more utterances from the database was also performed. The experimental results show that the proposed method achieved emotion recognition accuracy of 87.22% in long utterance and outperformed the conventional SVM-based method. Further study on collecting more real corpus is needed for the analysis and recognition of emotions in spontaneous speech.

摘要 I
ABSTRACT II
誌謝 IV
List of Tables VII
List of Figures VIII
Chapter1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation 1
1.2 Problems 3
1.3 Background and Literatures Review 5
1.3.1 Affective Expression 5
1.3.2 Affective Computing and Emotion Databases 7
1.3.3 Recognition Units and Acoustic Features 9
1.3.4 Emotion Classification 12
1.4 Research Goals 15
1.5 Research Framework 16
Chapter2 Proposed Method 17
2.1 Hierarchical Segmentation 18
2.1.1 Segment Boundary Detection 18
2.1.2 SVM-Based Emotion Model 20
2.1.3 Hierarchical Segmentation of Speech 23
2.2 Codebook Construction and Transformation 26
2.3 Modeling and Inference by Probabilistic Context Free Grammar 28
2.3.1 Affective Structure Model Training 30
2.3.2 Inference of Emotions 31
Chapter3 Experimental Results and Discussion 36
3.1 Evaluations on EMO-DB 36
3.1.1 Descriptive Statistics of the Corpus 36
3.1.2 Determination of the Codeword Number 41
3.1.3 Analysis of the Derived Rules 42
3.1.4 Performance of SVM-based Method 45
3.1.5 Performance of the Proposed Method 47
3.2 Performance Evaluations Using Concatenated EMO-DB 51
3.2.1 Corpus Expansion from EMODB 51
3.2.2 Recognition of Long Utterances 52
3.3 Performance Comparison and Discussion 56
Chapter4 Conclusion and Future Work 58
References 59

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