臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘 要
台灣的中小企業一直是國內的重要經濟命脈，中小企業亦是台灣經濟發展的基石，具有彈性調整靈活進出市場特性，不管從過去還是現在，從台灣經濟的發展貢獻來看，對促進經濟成長貢獻有目共睹，因而中小企業亦是奠立起經濟起飛的重大基礎。不過，中小企業財報不透明與資本過小的產業特性，讓中小企業的融資需求，有可能銀行因為考量授信風險，讓企業主的融資需求遇到瓶頸，而面臨融資的困境。本研究對象為台灣的中小企業，樣本的研究母體主要針對國內某商業銀行對國內民營中小企業移送信保的授信貸款資料，利用取得的企業財務狀況之台幣授信案為樣本資料，其中包括已違約戶和仍是正常戶，共計308戶。藉由申請貸款之前三個年度的財務報表資料，評估其是否可做為有承辦信保授信之銀行放款的依據。就採取的樣本中，以正常繳息企業與違約倒閉企業兩者於核貸前之近三年財務狀況分析是否具有顯著性。本研究針對中小企業在銀行貸款融資方面，已有中小企業信用保證基金保證之財務報表，利用近三年可取得之財務比率，做為判定企業是否於移送信保之授信後，未來的營運是否仍會面臨財務問題，亦即公司是否會遭受違約倒閉或仍可持續正常營運。故本研究的目的如下：
1.以銀行業者所提供之中小企業參加信保授信部份相關資料，探討實務上，財務分析比率是否對信保戶授信違約風險有顯著影響。
2.找出可作為中小企業信保授信決策品質的因素。
本研究利用羅吉斯廻歸模式(Logistic Regression Model)檢定實證結果發現前二年流動比率、前二年總資產週轉率、前三年總資產週轉率、前二年款貨資產比、授信比等5個變數對於企業的經營現況具有顯著的差異。本研究經由迴歸模式的預測分類結果，對日後是否成為倒閉案件的預測正確性為50.7%，對是否成為正常案件預測的正確性為97.9%，整體之正確性為87.7%。整體模式適配度（Goodness of Fit）檢定的χ2=123.209（p=0.000<0.05），達到顯著；而Hosmer-Lemeshow檢定值為6.297 (p=.614>.05)未達顯著，表示前二年流動比率、前二年總資產週轉率、前三年總資產週轉率、前二年款貨資產比、授信比等5個自變數所建立的中小企業信用保證授信模式適配度非常理想。因此，授信人員可利用此模式在最短期限內，依申請戶的條件預測該筆借款未來成為倒閉案件或正常案件的機率。
本研究可導出下列授信模式：
Z =4.551＋0.019×前二年流動比率－1.111×前二年總資產週轉率＋0.797×前三年總資產週轉率－0.051×前二年款貨資產比－0.039×授信比
銀行在進行中小企業放款時，勿因中小企業信用保證基金可分散風險，而失去了授信原有的嚴謹度。授信政策仍應兼顧風險及收益考量，因此，追求利潤的同時，若能依廻歸模式分析案件的未來性，相信可避免剔除優良案件，提高銀行收益，同時，可篩選出高風險案件，兼顧風險控管。

Abstract
The small and medium-sized enterprises have been one of important economic lifelines and cornerstones of economic development in Taiwan. They have characteristics of flexible adjustment and access to the markets and their contributions to the economic growth are obvious to all from the point of view of the economic development in Taiwan in the past and now. Therefore, SME are the significant base for economic taking-off. However, The industry characteristics of the intransparency of financial statement and too small capital often cause a bottleneck for the demands of loans from the enterprise owners who are mired in the difficulties due to the consideration of credit risks by banks. The subjects of research were the enterprises in Taiwan. The parent body of samples was the credit loan application data by SME that a commercial bank transferred to the authorities for credit guarantees. The samples of NT dollar credit cases together with the financial situation of applicant enterprises that the researcher had obtained were total 308 accounts including default accounts and regular accounts. On the basis of the financial statement data for three years before the application, we assess whether the data could be the basis of loans for the bank that received the loan application. The research also analyzed the significance of the financial situation for recent three years before the ratification of loans between regular repaying interest accounts and default and collapsed accounts. Using the financial statement and the information about ratio of finance that were available in recent years in the loan applications by SMEs that had obtained credit guarantees from SME Credit Guarantee Fund, the research would determine whether the applicant enterprise would still face financial problems, that is, whether the company would default, collapse or sustainably and normally operate in future after ratification of loan that was credit guaranteed by the Fund. So the purposes of the research are as follows:
1.Based on the data provided by the bank about the SME that had applied credit loans and credit guarantee, it explored if there were significant effects of financial analysis ratio on the default risks of credit guarantee accounts.
2.Find out the factors that could be the quality of credit decision-policy for SME credit guarantees.
This research used Logistic Regression model to test the empirical results. It found that the five variables of the two-year current ratio, previous two-year total asset turnover ratio, previous three-year total asset turnover ratio, previous loan-asset ratio and credit ratio had significant differences in the current situation of operations. The forecast accuracy of the results of forecast classification through the regression model in the research on the closedowns of enterprises was 50.7% whereas the forecast accuracy on the normal case was 97.9%. The overall accuracy was 87.7% whereas the tested χ2=123.209（p=0.000<0.05）of overall goodness of fit of the model and reached the significance level. But the value of Hosmer-Lemeshow Test was 6.297 (p=.614>.05) and did not reach the significance level. That means the goodness of fit of the credit model of SME credit guarantee that was constructed on the bases of the five variables of the two-year current ratio, previous two-year total asset turnover ratio, previous three-year total asset turnover ratio, previous loan-asset ratio and credit ratio was ideal. Therefore, credit officers can use the model. Therefore, credit officers can use the model together with conditions of the applicant company to forecast in the shortest period the probability of collapse case or normal case in consideration of a loan.
This research can thus induct following credit model:
Z =4.551＋0.019× previous two-year current ratio－1.111× previous two-year total asset turnover ratio ＋0.797× previous three-year total asset turnover ratio－0.051× previous two-year loan-asset ratio－0.039× credit ratio
When a bank is considering loans to SMEs, it should not lose their strictness and carefulness that they should have and their credit policy should pay attention to both risks and profit. Therefore, at the time of seeking profit, if a bank can analyze the futurity of the case by regression model, we believe that they can avoid ruling out good cases and raise profit for the bank. Meanwhile, it can also screen out high risky cases and give consideration to risk control.

目錄
中文摘要.......................................................I
Abstract.......................................................Ⅳ
誌謝..........................................................Ⅵ
目錄..........................................................Ⅶ
表目錄........................................................IX
圖目錄.........................................................X
第一章 緒論....................................................1
第一節 研究動機............................................1
第二節 研究目的............................................4
第三節 研究範圍............................................5
第三節 研究流程............................................6
第二章 相關理論及文獻回顧......................................8
第一節 中小企業定義........................................8
第二節 中小企業信用保證基金之主要功能.....................12
第三節 財務危機與授信之意義...............................16
第四節 Logistic Regression 相關文獻回顧...................26
第三章 研究方法...............................................35
第一節 研究架構...........................................35
第二節 資料來源與樣本篩選.................................36
第三節 財務比率與控制變數的衡量方式.......................36
第四節 統計方法...........................................40
第四章 實證過程與結果分析.....................................42
第一節 資料來源及處理.....................................42
第二節 常態性檢定及變異數同質性檢定.......................44
第三節 Logistic Regression Model檢定結果分析.................54
第五章 結論與建議.............................................60
第一節 結論...............................................60
第二節 建議...............................................61
參考文獻......................................................63

表目錄
表3-1 相關財務比率公式表......................................37
表3-1 相關財務比率公式表(續)..................................38
表4-1 變數名稱說明............................................42
表4-1 變數名稱說明(續)........................................43
表4-2 描述性統計量............................................44
表4-3 樣本變數-流動比率之常態性檢定表.........................45
表4-4 樣本變數-負債比率之常態性檢定表.........................46
表4-5 樣本變數-總資產週轉率之常態性檢定表.....................46
表4-6 樣本變數-純益率之常態性檢定表...........................47
表4-7 樣本變數-款貨資產比之常態性檢定表.......................48
表4-8 樣本變數-授信比之常態性檢定表...........................48
表4-9 觀察值處理摘要..........................................49
表4-9 觀察值處理摘要(續) ......................................50
表4-10變異數同質性檢定........................................51
表4-10變異數同質性檢定(續1)...................................52
表4-10變異數同質性檢定(續2)...................................53
表4-11觀察值處理摘要..........................................54
表4-12疊代過程................................................54
表4-13模式係數的 Omnibus檢定.................................55
表4-14 Hosmer和 Lemeshow檢定.................................56
表4-15整體模式之適配度檢定及個別參數顯著性之檢定摘要表........56
表4-15整體模式之適配度檢定及個別參數顯著性之檢定摘要表(續)....57
表4-15預測分類正確率交叉表....................................59

圖目錄
圖1-1 研究流程圖...............................................7
圖3-1 研究架構圖..............................................35

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