臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

運動會導致自由基的產生，尤其是進行高強度的運動，運動員長期因訓練身體必須承受自由基所造成的傷害，而補充營養品，就是運動員每天，需做的身體保健。薑黃素(Curcumin)擁有非常好的抗氧化能力，因此本研究希望瞭解，增補薑黃素對於運動造成氧化壓力的影響。本研究以12位，優秀的國中男性籃球選手(年齡 16 ± 0.5 歲；身高 173.2 ± 5.2 公分；體重 68.4 ± 13.6 公斤)，以隨機的方式，分成兩組進行實驗，每人需進行兩次階段實驗。實驗前，以雙盲方式，給予安慰劑或薑黃素增補，然後進行6趟150公尺的高強度間歇運動，並於運動前、後及24小時後採血液樣本，分析超氧化物歧化酶、脂質過氧化物、肌酸磷化酶、乳酸濃度的變化。以心率和自覺量表，來監控運動時的強度。所收集之資料，以相依樣本二因子變異數分析來進行統計考驗，超氧化物歧化酶、脂質過氧化物、肌酸磷化酶、乳酸考驗，各變項間的差異性。結果發現：(1) 薑黃素組的超氧化物歧化酶濃度，於運動後及24小時後，提升效果顯著。(2) 脂質過氧化物濃度在薑黃素組，於運動前、後有減少的效果。(3)薑黃素擁有非常好，抑制肌纖維發炎的效果。本研究結果顯示，薑黃素對於SOD、MDA、CK皆達顯著性，對於運動表現沒有直接性的影響，但可作為運動員健康保健的依據。可進一步的朝長時間的運動方式，及採不同的增補方式進行研究。

Exercises produce free radicals, especially high intensity exercises. Athletes constantly sustain free radical damage due the physical training they must endure over the long run. Under such conditions, health supplements are essential and daily health care products for athletes. Curcumin has superb anti-oxidative effects. The study was designed to investigate the effect of Curcumin supplements on post-exercise oxidative stress. Twelve outstanding basketball players from junior high schools (aged at 16 ± 0.5; height of 173.2 ± 5.2 cm; weight of 68.4 ± 13.6 kg) were randomized into two groups. Each subject had to undergo a two-stage experiment. Before each experiment, subjects were given, in a double-blind design a placebo or Curcumin supplements before performing 6 repetitions of 150-meter, high intensity interval training. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after and 24 hours after the training to analyze the changes in the level of superoxide disimutase, lipid peroxides, creatinine phosphokinase and lactic acid. The exercise intensity was monitored by heart rates and rating of perceived exertion. Data collected was analyzed by two-way ANOVA to test the difference between each variable including superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxides, creatinine phosphokinase and lactic acid. The result showed that: (1) The level of superoxide dismutase in the Curcumin group increased significantly immediate after and 24 hours after exercise; (2) The level of lipid peroxides in the Curcumin group reduced before and after exercise; (3) Curcumin was highly effective in inhibiting the inflammation of muscle fibers. Results from this study indicate that Curcumin had a significant effect on SOD, MDA and CK without directly affecting athletic performance. It could, however, be used as a reference for health care for athletes. Further studies should be conducted for prolonged exercise times and different supplement strategies.

目次
謝誌：……………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
中文摘要：………………………………………………………………Ⅱ
英文摘要：………………………………………………………………Ⅲ
目次：……………………………………………………………………Ⅳ
表次：……………………………………………………………………Ⅶ
圖次：……………………………………………………………………Ⅷ


第壹章 緒論…………………………………………………………………… 1
第一節 問題背景 …………………………………………………………… 1
第二節 研究問題 …………………………………………………………… 2
第三節 研究目的 …………………………………………………………… 3
第四節 研究假設 …………………………………………………………… 3
第五節 研究範圍限制 ……………………………………………………… 3
第六節 名詞操作型定義 …………………………………………………… 3
第七節 研究的重要性 ……………………………………………………… 7

第貳章 相關文獻探討 ………………………………………………………… 9
第一節 自由基與氧化傷害 ………………………………………………… 9
第二節 運動與氧化壓力…………………………………………………… 11
第三節 薑黃素 …………………………………………………………… 15
第四節 薑黃素與運動……………………………………………………… 17
第参章 實驗方法與步驟 ……………………………………………………… 19
第一節 先前實驗 …………………………………………………………… 19
第二節 受試者 ……………………………………………………………… 19
第三節 實驗設計與實驗變相 ……………………………………………… 20
第四節 實驗時間與地點 …………………………………………………… 20
第五節 實驗方法與步驟 ……………………………………………………… 21
第六節 實驗操作日程表 ……………………………………………………… 23
第七節 資料處理 ……………………………………………………………… 26

第肆章 結果 …………………………………………………………………… 27
第一節 受試者基本資料 ………………………………………………… 27
第二節 運動表現得比較 …………………………………………………… 27
第三節 超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）之間的比較 …………………………… 29
第四節 脂質過氧化物(malondialdehyde)之間的比較………………… 31
第五節 肌酸磷化酶(CK)之間的比較 ……………………………………… 33
第六節 乳酸(Lactate)之間的比較 …………………………………… 35
第伍章 討論與結論 …………………………………………………………… 37
第一節 實驗 ………………………………………………………………… 38
第二節 分化分析比較 ……………………………………………………… 40
第三節 結論 ………………………………………………………………… 40
第四節 討論 ………………………………………………………………… 41
第五節 建議 ………………………………………………………………… 42


參考文獻 ……………………………………………………………………… 42
ㄧ、中文部分 …………………………………… ……………………… 43
二、英文部分 ………………………………………………… ………… 44

附 錄 ……………………………………………………………………… 53
一、受試者同書 ………………………………………………………… 53
二、受試者基本資料 ……………………………………………………… 55
三、自我健康檢查表 ……………………………………………………… 56

















表 次
表 4-1-1 受試者基本資料 ..................................... 26
表 4-2-1 兩組間運動表現 ..................................... 27
表 4-3-1 兩組間SOD濃度的變化 ............................... 28
表 4-3-2 不同組在不同時段SOD單純主要效果分析表 ............. 29
表 4-4-1 兩組間MDA濃度的變化 ................................ 30
表 4-4-2 不同組在不同時段MDA單純主要效果分析表 .............. 31
表 4-5-1 兩組間CK濃度的變化 ................................. 33
表4-5-2 不同組在不同時段CK單純主要效果分析表 .............. 32
表 4-6-1 兩組間Lactate濃度的變化 ............................ 34
表 4-6-2 不同組在不同時段Lactate單純主要效果分析表 ......... 35














圖 次
圖 1-6-2 薑黃素的化學式 ....................................... 5
圖 1-6-4 MDA的化學反應式 ...................................... 5
圖 1-6-7 肌酸肌酶(CPK)的化學反應式 ............................ 6
圖 3-5-6 SOD的化學反應式 ..................................... 22
圖 3-6-1 實驗流程圖 .......................................... 25
圖 4-2-1 RPE ................................................. 27
圖 4-2-2 運動表現(趟) ......................................... 27
圖 4-2-3 運動表現(總時間) .................................... 27
圖 4-3-1 SOD ................................................... 29
圖 4-4-1 MDA ................................................... 31
圖 4-5-1 CK .................................................... 31
圖 4-6-1 Lactate .................... ............................ 35

參考文獻
一、中文部分
池愛平、熊正英、陳錦屏（民95）。服用薑黃素對過度運動大鼠部分組織及紅細胞膜損傷保護研究。中國體育科技(第42卷)，3，72-74。
林學宜、林培元、徐台閣 (民89)。不同強度運動對抗氧化酵素及丙二醛的影響。體育學報，29，137-148。
林學宜、林俊宏、徐台閣（民93）。不同強度之耐力運動對血液中維生素C、E濃度的影響。體育學報，37，1-10。
姚承義、沈淑貞(民95)。單次間歇訓練引發氧化壓力的探討。 運動教練科學， 69-78。
徐台閣 (民83)。半程馬拉松對自由基及自然殺手細胞之影響。大專運動科學研究獎助專刊(86年)，135-148。
徐台閣、徐廣明、林明鉐、李建明、林孝義、謝伸裕 (民89)。中等強度運動對脂質過氧化的影響。大專體育學刊(第1卷)，1，29-37。
馮連世、楊奎生、宗丕芳、郭　軍（民83）。急性運動對血漿超氧化物歧化酵素的影響及其與有氧能力的關係。中國運動醫學雜誌，129-132。
熊正英、池愛平（民94）。薑黃素對運動訓練大鼠血清某些生化指標的影響。體育科學(第25卷)，9，41-45。

二、英文部分
Alessio, H. M., Goldfarb, A. H., & Gulter, R. G. (1998). MDA content increases in fast-and slow-twitch skeletal muscle with intensity of exercise in a rat. American Journal of Physiology, 255, C874-C877.
American College of Sports Medicine. (1995). ACSM's Guideline for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 5th Ed., Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins.
Armstrong, L. E., & Maresh, C. M. (1996). Vitamin and mineral supplements as nutritional aids to exercise performance and health. Nutrition Review, 54(4 Pt 2), S149-158.
Atalay, M., Laaksonen, D. E., Khanna, S., Kaliste-Kannenen, E., & Sen, C. K. (2000). Vitamin E regulates changes in tissue antioxidants induced by fish oil and acute exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32, 601-607.
Barclay, J. k., & Hansel, M. (1991). Free radicals may Contribute to oxidative skeletal muscle fatigue. Canadian Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology, 69(2), 279-284.
Bjelakovic, G., Nikolova, D., Gluud, L. L., Simonetti, R. G., & Gluud, C. (2007). Mortality in Randomized Trials of Antioxidant Supplements for Primary and Secondary Prevention: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 297(8), 842-857.
Brog, G. V. (1982). Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 14(5), 377-381.
Carlson, J. C., & Sawada, M. (1995). Generation of free radicals and messenger function. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 30(2), 280-288.
Child, R. B., Wilkinson, D. M., Fallowfield, J. L., & Donnelly, A. E. (1998). Elevated serum antioxidant capacity and plasma malondialdehyde concentration in response to a simulated half-marathon run. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(11), 1603-1607.
Clarkson, P. M., & Thompson, H. S. (2000). Antioxidants :what role do they play in physical activity and health ? . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72, 637S-646S.
Conney AH, Lou YR, & Osawa T. (1972). Some perspectives on dietary inhibition agent. Indian Jourmal of Experimental Biology.10(3), 235-236.
Dandona, P., Thusu, K., Cook, S., Snyder, B., Makowski, J., & Armstrong, D. (1996). Oxidative damage to DNA in diabetes mellitus. Lancet, 347(8999), 444-445.
Davies, K. J, Quintanilha, A. T., Brooks, G. A.,& Packer, L. (1982). Free radicals and tissue damage producted by exercise. Biochemical Biophysics Research Communications, 107, 1198-1205.
Davis JM, Murphy EA, Carmichael MD, Zielinski MR, Groschwitz CM, Brown AS, et al. (2007). Curcumin effects on inflammation and performance recovery following eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology, 292, R2168–R2173.
Diaz, M. N., Frei, B., Vita, J. A., & Keaney, J. F. (1997). Antioxidants and atherosclerotic heart disease. The New England Journal of Medicine, 337(6), 408-416.
Dillard, C. J., Litov, R. E., & Tappel, A. L. (1978). Effects of dietary vitamin E, selenium, and polyunsaturated fats on in vivo lipid peroxidation in the rat as measured by pentane production. Lipids, 13, 396-402.
Ebbeling, C. B., & Clarkson, P. M. (1989). Exercise-induced muscle damage and adaptation. . Sports Medicine, 7(4), 207-234.
Ernster, L. (1986). Oxygen as an environmental poison. Chemical Scripta, 26, 525-534.
Eston, R., Jackson, M., & Pears, J. (1996). Association between the production of thiobarbituric reactive substances (malondialdehyde) and markers of muscle damage induced by uphill and downhill running. Journal of Sports Sciences, 14(1), 80-81.
Gomez-Cabrera M.C, Domenech E, & J., V. (2008). Moderate exercise is an antioxidant: Upregulation of antioxidant genes by training. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 44(126), 131.
Gonenc, S., Acikgoz, O., Semin, I., & Ozgonul, H. (2000). The effect of moderate swimming exercise on antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation levels in children. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 44(3), 340-344.
Halliwell, B. (1994). Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: Curiosity, cause, or consequence? Lancet, 344, 721-724.
Halliwell, B. (1996). Antioxidants in human health and disease. Annual Review of Nutrition, 16, 33-50.
Hammond, B., & Hess, M. L. (1985). The oxygen free radical system: potential mediator of myocardial injury. Journal of American College of Cardiology, 6(1), 215-220.
Harman, D. (1968) Free radical theory of aging: effect of free radical reaction inhibitors on
the mortality rate of male LAF mice. Journal of Gerontology, 23(4): 476-82.
Harman, D. (2003). The free radical theory of aging. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling., 5(5), 557-561.
Huang MT, Smart RC, Wong CQ, & Conney AH. (1988). Inhibitory effect of curcumin,chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid on tumor promotion in mouse skin by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Cancer Research s, 48, 5941-5946.

Jenkins, R. R. (1998). Free radical chemistry: relationship to exercise. Sports Medicine(5), 156-170.
Jenkins., R. R. (1988). Free radical chemistry ― relationship to exercise. Sports medicine, 5, 156-170.
Ji, L. L. (1993). Antioxidant enzyme response to exercise and aging. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 25(2), 225-231.
Ji, L. L., & Fu, R. (1992). Responses of glutathione system and antioxidant enzymes to exhaustive exercise and hydroperoxide. Journal of Applied Physiology, 72, 549-554.
Jovanovic S.V., Steenken S., Boone C.W., & M.G., S. (1999). H-Atom Transfer Is A Preferred Antioxidant Mechanism of Curcumin. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 121(41), 9677-9681.
Jovanovic SV, Boone CW, Steenken S, Trinoga M, & Kaskey RB. (2001). How curcumin works preferentially with water soluble antioxidants. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 123, 3064-3068.
Kanter, M. M. (1994). Free radical, exercise and antioxidant supplementation. International Journal of Nutrition, 4(3), 205-220.
Kanter, M. M., Lesmes, G. R., Kaminsky, L. A., La Ham-Saeger, J., & Nequin, N. D. (1998). Serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase changes following aneighty kilometer race. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 57(1), 60-63.
Kawasaki, S., Sugiyama, S., Ishiguro, N., Ozawa, T., & Mura, T. (1993). Implication of superoxide radicals on ischaemia-reperfusion-induced skeletal muscle injury in rats. European Surgical Research, 25, 129-136.


Kayatekin, M. B., Sevil, G., Osman, A., Nazan, U., & Ayfer, D. (2002). Effects of sprint exercise on oxidative stress in skeletal muscle and liver. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 87, 141-144.
Knez, W. L., Jenkins, D. G., & Coombes, J. S. (2007). Oxidative Stress in half and full ironman triathletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(2), 283-288.
Kostka, T. (1999). Aging, physical activity and free radicals. Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski, 7(40), 202-204.
Kunchandy, E., & Rao., M. N. A. (1990). Oxygen radical scavenging activity of curcumin. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 38, 239-240.
Lovlin, R., Cotte, W., Pyke, I., Kavanagh, M., & Belcastro, A. N. (1987). Are indices of free radical damage related to exercise intensity. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 56, 313-319.
Khopde, S. M., Priyadarsini, K. I., Venkatesan, P. (1999). Free radical scavenging ability and antioxidant efficiency of curcumin and its substituted analogue. Biophysical Chemistry, 80(2), 85-91.
Machlin, L. J., & Bendjch, A. (1987). Free radical tissue damage: protective role of antioxidant nutrients. FASEB Journal, 1, 441-445.
Marzatico, F., Pansara, O., Bertorelli, L., Somenzini, L., & Della Valle, G. (1997). Blood free radical antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxides following long-distance and lactacidemic performances in highly trained aerobic and sprint athletes. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness (37), 235-239.
Masuda, K., Tanabe, K., & Kuno, S. Y. (2002). Exercise, oxidative stress and health benefit. Bulletin of Institute of Health and Sport Sciences-University of Tsukuba Ibaraki ken, 25(1), 1-11.

Maxwell, S. R. J., Jaleman, P., Thomason, H., Leguen, C., & Thorpe, G. H. G. (1998). Changes in Plasma Antioxidant Status During Eccentric Exercise and the Effect of Vitamin Supplementation. Free Radical Research, 84, 407-412.
Niess A.M., Hartmann A., Grünert-Fuchs M., Poch B., & G., S. (1996). DNA damage after exhaustive treadmill running in trained and untrained men. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 17(6), 397-403.
Nishizuka, Y. (1992). Intracellular signals by hydrolysis of phospholipids and activation protein kinase C. Science, 258, 607-614.
Notarbartolo M, Poma P, Perri D, Dusonchet L, Cervello M, & D'Alessandro N. (2005). Antitumor effects of curcumin, alone or in combination with cisplatin or doxorubicin, on human hepatic cancer cells. Analysis of their possible relationship to changes in NF-kB activation levels and in IAP gene expression. Cancer Let, 224, 53-65.
Oostenbrug, G. S., Mensink, R. P., Hardeman, M. R., De Vries, T., Brouns, F., & Hornstra, G. (1997). Exercise performance, red blood cell deformability, and lipid peroxidation: effects of fish oil and vitamin E. Journal of Applied Physiology, 83(3), 746-752.
Ortenblad, N., Madsen, K., & Djurhuus, M. S. (1997). Antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation after short-term maximal exercise in trained and untrained humans. American Journal of Physiology, 272(4 Pt 2), 1258-1263.
Owens, L. V., Xu, L., Craven, R. J., Dent, G. A., Weiner, T. M., Kornberg, L., et al. (1995). Overexpression of the focal adhesion kinase (p125FAK) in invasive human tumors. Cancer Research, 55, 2752-2755.
Powers, S. K., Ji, L. L., & Leeuwenburgh, C. (1999). Exercise training-induced alterations in skeletal muscle antioxidant capacity: a brief review. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(7), 987-997.
Powers, S. K., & Lennon, S. L. (1999). Analysis of cellular responses to free radicals:focus on exercise and skeletal muscle. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 58(4), 1025-1033.
Radak, Z., Pucsuk, J., Boros, S., Josfai, L., & Taylor, A. W. (2000). Changes in urine 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels of super-marathon runners during a four-day race period. Life Sciences, 66(18), 1763-1767.
Rao, C. V., Rivenson, A., Simi, B., Zang, E., Hamid, R., Kelloff, G. J., et al. (1995). Enhancement of experimental colon carcinogenesis by dietary 6-phenylhexyl isothiocyanate. Cancer Research, 5, 4311-4318.
Ravi, K. T., Subramanyam, M. V., & Asha, D. S. (2004). Swim exercise training and adaptations in the antioxidant defense system of myocardium of old rats: relationship to swim intensity and duration. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Biochemeistry & Molecular Biology, 137(2), 187-196.
Sachdev S, & K.J., D. (2008). Production, detection, and adaptive responses to free radicals in exercise. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 44(2), 215-223.
Sastre, J., Asensi, M., Gasco, E., Pallardo, F. V., Ferrero, J. A., & Furukawa, T. (1992). Exhaustive physical exercise causes oxidation of glutathione status in blood: prevention by antioxidant administration. American Journal of Physiology, 263(5 Pt 2), R992-995.
Satoskar R. R., Shah S. J., & Shenoy S. G. (1986). Evaluation of anti-inflammatory property of curcumin (diferuloyl methane) in patients with postoperative inflammation. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapy and Toxicology., 24(12), 651-654.
Schereck, R., & Baeuerle, P. A. (1991). A role for oxygen radicals as second messengers. Trends Cell Biology, 1, 39-42.

Schroder, H., Navarro, E., Tramullas, A., Mora, J., & Galiano, D. (2000). Nutrition antioxidant status and oxidative stress in professional baseball players: effects of a three compound antioxidative supplement. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 21(2), 146-150.
Sen, C. K. (1995). Oxidants and antioxidants in exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 79(3), 675-686.
Sen, C. K., Atalay, M., & Hanninen. (1994). Exercise-induced oxidative stress: Glutathione supplementation and deficiency. Journal of Applied Physiology, 77(5), 2177-2187.
Sen, C. K., Rankinen, T., Vaisanen, S., & Rauramaa, R. (1994). Oxidative stress after human exercise: Effect of N-acetycysteine supplementation. Journal of Applied Physiology, 76(6), 2570-2577.
Song S., Byrd J., C, Koo J. S, & Bresalier R. S. (2005). Bile acids induce MUC2 overexpression in human colon carcinoma cells. Cancer, 103, 1606-1614.
Soni K. B., & Kuttan R. (1992). Effect of oral curcumin administration on serum peroxides and cholesterol levels in human volunteers. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 36, 273-275.
Swain, D. P., & B. C. Leuthilitz. (1997). Heart rate is equivalent to %VO2 Reserve, not to %VO2 max. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(3), 410-414.
Takarada, Y., Nakamura, Y., Aruga, S., Onda, T., Miyazaki, S., & Ishii, N. (2000). Rapid increase in plasma growth hormone after low-intensity resistance exercise with vascular occlusion. Journal of Applied Physiology, 88(1), 61-65.
Vina, J., Gomez-Cabrera, M. C., Lloret, A., Marquez, R., Minana, J. B., (2000). Free radicals in exhaustive physical exercise:mechanism of production, and protection by antioxidants. IUBMB Life, 50,(4-5), 271-277.
Wiseman, H., & O’Reilly, J. (1997). Oestrogens as antioxidant cardioprotectants. Biochemical Society Transactions, 22, 54-59.
Yang F., Lim G. P., & Begum A. N. (2005). Curcumin inhibits formation of amyloid beta oligomers and fibrils, binds plaques, and reduces amyloid in vivo. J Biol Chem, 280(7), 5892-5901.
Young, I. S., & Woodside, J. V. (2001). Antioxidants in health and disease. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 54(3), 176-186.