臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要
當前網際網路的成長是愈來愈快速，也越來越受到歡迎，應用方面諸如即時系統、線上系統、互動式遊戲等等也變為更廣泛的被使用。甚至在積體電路的設計技術方面，其功能也變得更加強大復雜但體積卻相對的減小，於是能製造出這些設備如筆記型電腦、個人數位助理器、膝上型電腦和掌上型電腦等，吸引了一般大眾的喜愛與使用。 而上述的設備若能在無線網路的環境上運作，人們將可以有更方便的溝通方式。
傳輸控制/網路通訊協定是目前的標準的網路通信協定，為了使用者在移動時也能使用網際網路上所提供的各種服務，於是有了行動網路網路的出現。傳輸控制/網路通訊協定的另外一項重要發展，就是下一代網際網路的發展。當一連串的資料同時傳送給網路上不同的多重接收者時，我門叫做多重群播。在這篇論文上，我們研究這在下一代行動網路上多重群播路徑的問題。
以目前而言，下一代行動網路上支援多重群播機制，會產生一個嚴重的問題，那是就是當傳送者移動時，會造成完整的多重傳遞樹毀壞以至於多重資料無法續傳到所有的接收者。所以我們設計了反轉流量介面的機制儘量去保持多重傳遞樹的完整性，在這種機制下，我們會從傳送者所附著的新附著點到舊附著點上建立一條強迫返回路徑，保證多重資料的傳遞。此外，我們還局部修改了距離向量多重群播路徑通信協定，使其能使用在新一代行動通信網路上運作。最後，我們做了評量和實驗，來證明當傳送者移動時，我們提出的機制在多重群播時不但架構簡單而且是更有效率和穩定性。

Abstract
As the Internet grows faster and becomes more popular, applications such as real-time systems, on-line services, interactive games and so on have become more widespread. Moreover, the design technique for Integrated-Circuit has become more sophisticated and the ICs are much smaller. The devices (i.e. Notebook, PDA, laptop, and palmtop.) will attract more and more people. Apparently, the wireless networks will also become the best choice by people in the near future. Combining the devices with the infrastructure, people will have a more convenient way to communicate with each other.
TCP/IP is currently the standard network protocols for wired Internet. To make all the Internet services available to all mobile users. Mobile IP is proposed. Another important development for TCP/IP is the evolvement to the next generation Internet. The next generation protocol is called IPv6. Situations arise in some Internet applications that a piece of data needs to be sent to multicast receipients. This is called multicasting. In this thesis, we study the multicasting routing problem based on Mobile IPv6.
In multicasting, the mobility of sender may cause a serious problem. When a sender moved, the full delivery tree would fall so that multicast datagrams can’t forward to all receivers. In this thesis, we propose a Reverse Traffic Interface (RTI) mechanism to preserve the integrity of adjusted tree. In the mechanism, we will create a Backward-Forced Path (BFP) to re-generate a new tree without re-routing. It can ensure multicast datagrams be sent to all reachable destinations without interruption. In addition, we show that a slight modification of the DVMRP version 3, called DVMRPv6, can be used in Mobile IPv6 to support our mechanism. Finally, we use a total tree cost measures to estimate and judge our scheme and implement a simulation to manifest the effect. It shows that our proposal genuinely makes multicasting on mobiles network simpler, more efficient, and more reliable.

List of Figures
Figure 2.1 IPv 4 Header format
Figure 2.2 IPv 6 Header format
Figure 2.3 ICMPv6 Header format
Figure 2.4 Multicast Listen Discovery (MLD) protocol header format
Figure 3.1 Unicast routing
Figure 3.2 Multicast routing
Figure 3.3 Multicast routing protocol
Figure 3.4 DVMRP optimal distribution tree
Figure 3.5 Mobility Header of Mobile IPv6
Figure 3.6 The basic operations of Mobile IPv6
Figure 4.1 Receiver moved: Datagrams is delivered via a tunnel
Figure 4.2 Receiver moved: Datagrams is delivered directly
Figure 4.3 Receiver moved: Extend the tree branch
Figure 4.4 Sender moved: Rebuild a multicast delivery tree
Figure 4.5 Sender moved: Build reverse delivery path
Figure 5.1 An example of DVMRPv6 topology
Figure 5.2 Multicast Router Discovery Message Format
Figure 5.3 New MLD Header Format
Figure 5.4 New IPv6 Header Format
Figure 6.1 An example of building multicast delivery tree
Figure 6.2 Pruning the branch of multicast delivery tree
Figure 6.3 Grafting the branch of multicast delivery tree
Figure 6.4 An example of Sender mobility with new gateway router
Figure 6.5 An example of Sender mobility with new gateway router is not group member
Figure 7.1 Dynamic adjusted root of delivery tree
Figure 7.2 The total cost of multicast tree with two multicast groups
Figure 7.3 The total cost of multicast tree with four multicast groups
Figure 7.4 The comparison of end-to-end delay
List of Tables
Table 3.1 The differences between DVMRPv6 and classical DVMRP
Table 3.2 The mainly difference between Mobile IPv4 and Mobile IPv6
Table 5.1 Initial distance stored at each DVMRPv6 router
Table 5.2 Final distance stored at each DVMRPv6 router


TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements
摘要 ……………………………………………………………………………...I
Abstract ………………………………………………………………………....II
List of Figures ………………………………………………………………....III
List of Tables …………………………………………………………………..IV
Chapter 1 Introduction ……………………………………………………...1
1.1 Background …………………………………………………………………....1
1.2 Motivation ……………………………………………………………………..4
Chapter 2 Internet Protocol …………………………………………….….5
2.1 IPv4 and IPv6 ……………………………………………………………….…5
2.2 Internet Control Message Protocol version 6 (ICMPv6) protocol …………….7
2.3 Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) protocol ………………………………..8
2.4 Neighbor Discovery (ND) protocol …………………………………………...9
2.5 Address Autoconfiguration ……………………………………………………10
2.6 IPv6 Multicast address ………………………………………………………..11
2.7 IPv6 Extension Header ………………………………………………………..13
Chapter 3 Multicasting and Mobility ……………………………………14
3.1 Multicasting …………………………………………………………………...14
3.1.1 Multicast Description …………………………………………………...14
3.1.2 Spanning Tree and Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF) ……………….......16
3.1.3 Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) ………………..18
3.1.3.1 DVMRP Description …………………………………………...18
3.1.3.2 DVMRP Message Type …………………………………….......19
3.1.3.3 DVMRP Basic Operation ……………………………………....20
3.1.4 IPv6 supports DVMRP …………………………………………………21.
3.2 Mobility ………………………………………………………………………23
3.2.1 Mobile IPv6 Description ……………………………………………….23
3.2.2 Mobile IPv6 Message Type …………………………………………….24
3.2.3 Mobile IPv6 Basic Operation …………………………………………..26
Chapter 4 Problem Description ………………………………………….28
4.1 Multicasting Problem Statements …………………………………………....28
4.2 Mobility Problem Statements ………………………………………………..30
4.2.1 Receiver Mobility ………………………………………………………….31
4.2.2 Sender Mobility ……………………………………………………………33
Chapter 5 Related Works and Packet Formats ……………………..36
5.1 Related Works ……………………………………………………………….36
5.2 Modification of Formats …………………………………………………….40
5.2.1 Modification of ND Protocol Format ………………………………….40
5.2.2 Modification of MLD Header Format …………………………………41
5.2.3 Modification of IPv6 Header Format ………………………………….42
5.2.4Modification of Binding Update message ……………………………...43
Chapter 6 A New Multicast Routing Protocol ……………………….43
6.1 DVMRPv6 Routing Protocol Initialization ………………………………….45
6.1.1 DVMRPv6 Router Discovery …………………………………………45
6.1.2 DVMRPv6 Topology Network Discovery …………………………….47
6.1.3 Local Group Memberships ……………………………………………50
6.2 Multicast Routing Protocol Manipulation …………………………………..52
6.2.1 Multicast Delivery Tree Establishment …………………………………...53
6.2.2 Multicast Delivery Tree Maintenance ………………………………...55
6.3 Reverse Traffic Interface (RTI) Mechanism ………………………………..59
Chapter 7 Evaluations and Experiments …………………………….64
7.1 Evaluations ………………………………………………………………....64
7.2 Experiments ………………………………………………………………...68
Chapter 8 Conclusions …………………………………………………...71
8.1 Conclusions ………………………………………………………………...71
References …………………………………………………………………...72

References
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