臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

心電圖儀監測設備，是擷取人體非常微弱的生理訊號，輸出的訊號準確度經常受到測試環境與設備因素而影響。設計類比濾波電路，主要重視輸出訊號的準確度，使輸出訊號準確的操作在預定的頻率範圍之內，為設計主要考量。
運算轉導放大器(Operational Transconductance Amplifier，簡稱OTA)是目前類比電路設計是近年來學者公認最佳的主動元件，其特性為 ， 為輸出電流， 為正端輸入電壓， 為負端輸入電壓， 為轉導增益值，輸入電流I+=I-=0。其除為一主動元件外，轉導增益的Gm值為電子可調外，設計完成的電路不需使用電阻器的優點，讓我們決定選擇它當作本論文設計電路時的主動元件。
在電路設計部分，我們將電壓信號轉為電流以方便信號直接加減可節省使用的零件數，根據導納矩陣分析法，將複雜的轉移函數，轉換為導納矩陣方程式，每一個方程式都是簡單的式子，很容易用運算轉導放大器與電容來實現，最後再將全部簡單的電路再重疊起來，就完成符合轉移函數完整電路。
設計出來的60赫芝帶拒濾波器電路，並應用在濾除市電，以Hspice 模擬，再探討使用LM13700實現電路，在實現過程中發現LM13700 的Gm值最大與最小只有相差1.94倍，將要使用大量的IC才能實現。因OTA內部電路有一理想電流源，若在未來做成chip，需將內部理想電流源取代成電流鏡，也將由電流控制g值改變成由電壓控制g值，主要是使電路較容易實現。
最後，本論文所設計的60赫芝橢圓帶拒濾波電路，期待下線實際做成積體線路，以便實現在心電圖儀中使用。

ECG monitoring equipment that picks up feeble body physical signals and the other hand this usually had a great effect upon the accuracy of the output signals by the test environment and equipment.It designs analog filter circuit that points on the accuracy of the output signal. It can be the output signal makes sure to operation at a predetermined frequency range.

OTA (Operational Transconductaance Amplifier) is best candidate for analog filter circuit design identified by savants recently. The main character of OTA is Io=Gm(V+-V-), where Io stands for output current, V+ stands for positive input voltage, V- stands for negative input voltage, Gm stands for trans-conductance value, and the input current I+=I-=0. In addition to an external active components,transduction gain Gm is electrically adjustable outside,the circuit design is complete without the use of the advantages of resistor,so we decided to choose it as the thesis of the active components when designing circuits.

Part of the circuit design are the voltage signals into current signals directly to facilitate the addition and subtraction number of parts can be saved,design of the course according to the admittance matrix analysis,complex transfer function, the conversion formula for the admittance matrix,each equation is a simple formula
it is easy to use operational amplifiers with capacitive transduction to achieve the final circuit and then again all the simple overlap, to complete a full circuit in line with the transfer function.

Design of the 60 Hz band reject filter circuit, it apply to filter in the mains,with Hspice simulation to achieve, we will keep researching in LM13700 to achieve,Found during the LM13700 in the realization of Gm only difference between the maximum and minimum value of 1.94 times,will be used to achieve a large number of IC.OTA circuit has an internal ideal current source, if the future is becomes on chip, inside OTA has a perfect Current source that replace Current mirror, The original value g is controlled by circuit and that change by voltage because the circuit can be easy to achieve.

Finally, the paper design of the 60 Hz elliptic filter band reject filter circuit , looking forward to make on chip, in order to achieve the use of ECG.

目錄
摘要.........................................................................I
Abstract....................................................................II
目錄.......................................................................III
圖目錄......................................................................IV
表目錄......................................................................VI
第一章 緒 論................................................................1
第二章 心電圖儀介紹.........................................................3
2-1 心電圖訊號..............................................................4
2-2 心電圖儀量測方法........................................................6
2-3 心電圖儀內部架構........................................................8
2-4 結論....................................................................13
第三章 元件介紹............................................................14
3-1 Nullor 模型............................................................14
3-2 第二代電流控制傳輸器﹙CCCII﹚..........................................16
3-3 差分差勤電流傳輸器( DDCC) .............................................19
3-4 第二代完全差動電流傳輸器(FDCCII) ......................................22
3-5 運算轉導放大器(OTA)的特性..............................................24
3-6 電路回顧...............................................................25
3-7 結論...................................................................30
第四章 以OTA為主動元件設計四階橢圓帶拒濾波電路............................31
4-1 橢圓濾波器的介紹.......................................................31
4-2 電路設計...............................................................33
4-3 電路模擬...............................................................38
4-4 結論...................................................................48
第五章 探討電路實做.........................................................49
5-1 LM13700簡介...........................................................49
5-2 電路實做析.............................................................51
5-3 用電流鏡取代OTA內部電路理想電流源之模擬結果...........................54
5-4 靈敏度分析.............................................................65
5-5 近似值分析.............................................................70
5-6 60Hz帶拒濾波器之比較..................................................72
5-7 結論...................................................................75
第六章 總結與未來研究方向..................................................76
6-1 總結...................................................................76
6-2 未來研究方向...........................................................77
參考文獻....................................................................78


圖目錄
圖2-1 人體心臟剖面圖......................................................3
圖2-2 心臟傳導系統電訊號..................................................4
圖2-3 完整心電圖訊號......................................................5
圖2-4 六項胸前導程........................................................7
圖2-5 心電圖儀六項肢體導程................................................7
圖2-6 心電圖紙樣式........................................................8
圖2-7 心電圖儀內部架構....................................................8
圖2-8 儀表放大器電路......................................................10
圖2-9 (a)包含60Hz的心電圖 (b)將60Hz濾除後的心電圖....................11
圖2-10 類比數位轉換示意圖..................................................12
圖3-1 (a) Nullator Model (b) Norator Model...............................14
圖3-2 (a)正型Norator Model (b) 負型Norator Model........................15
圖3-3 Nullor Model........................................................15
圖3-4 CCCII正型之元件符號以及等效Nullor model.............................16
圖3-5 BJT型式實現之CCCII+.................................................17
圖3-6 以MOS實現之CCCII+之內部電路圖.......................................18
圖3-7 新的CCCII內部電路...................................................18
圖3-8 正型DDCC之元件符號..................................................19
圖3-9 負型DDCC之元件符號..................................................19
圖3-10 正型DDCC之內部電路..................................................20
圖3-11 負型DDCC之內部電路..................................................20
圖3-12 為利用電流鏡之技術來取代內部偏壓電流................................21
圖3-13 FDCCII之元件符號....................................................22
圖3-14 FDCCII之內部電路....................................................23
圖3-15 利用電流鏡之技術製造反相電流輸出端..................................23
圖3-16 運算轉導放大器(OTA)之元件符號圖.....................................24
圖3-17 運算轉導放大器(OTA)之Nullor等效模型.................................24
圖3-18 運算轉導放大器(OTA)之內部電路.......................................25
圖3-19 理想放大器的Nullor 模型及電路符號...................................26
圖3-20 二階Sallen-Key低通濾波器............................................27
圖3-21 二階Sallen-Key高通濾波器............................................28
圖3-22 二階Twin-T帶拒濾波電路..............................................29
圖4-1 各種濾波類型之樣式..................................................31
圖4-2 低通信號響應........................................................32
圖4-3 橢圓濾波器之漣波樣式................................................32
圖4-4 電流相加特性........................................................33
圖4-5 橢圓濾波器電路-1....................................................38
圖4-6 Matlab 理論輸出圖 -1................................................41
圖4-7 橢圓濾波器電路-2....................................................42
圖4-8 Hspice模擬輸出結果 -1...............................................46
圖4-9 增益值轉DB值 Hspice模擬輸出結果-1..................................46
圖4-10 理論值與模擬結果重疊-1..............................................47
圖5-1 OTA-LM13700-外觀腳位定義圖..........................................49
圖5-2 OTA-LM1370-相關重要參數.............................................50
圖5-3 OTA之內部電路理想電流源用電流鏡取代.................................54
圖5-4 OTA之內部Ibias用MOS取代.............................................55
圖5-5 OTA之內部電路模擬結果...............................................55
圖5-6 OTA 內部用電流鏡與MOS取代理想電流源模擬結果.........................56
圖5-7 Matlab理論輸出圖 -2.................................................57
圖5-8 Hspice模擬輸出結果 -2...............................................57
圖5-9 V1變動0.5%..........................................................58
圖5-10 V2變動0.5%..........................................................59
圖5-11 V3變動0.5%..........................................................59
圖5-12 V4變動0.5%..........................................................60
圖5-13 V5變動0.5%..........................................................60
圖5-14 Hspice模擬輸出結果 -3...............................................61
圖5-15 增益值轉DB值 Hspice模擬輸出結果 -3.................................62
圖5-16 理論值與模擬結果重疊-2..............................................63
圖5-17 極點分析............................................................64
圖5-18 g1變動0.1%..........................................................65
圖5-19 g2變動0.1%..........................................................65
圖5-20 g3變動0.1%..........................................................66
圖5-21 g4變動0.1%..........................................................66
圖5-22 g5變動0.1%..........................................................66
圖5-23 C1變動0.1%..........................................................67
圖5-24 C2變動0.1%..........................................................67
圖5-25 C3變動0.1%..........................................................67
圖5-26 C4變動0.1%..........................................................68
圖5-27 g值近似後的模擬結果.................................................70
圖5-28 增益值轉DB值 g值近似後的模擬結果...................................71
圖5-29 Q=300理論結果.......................................................72
圖5-30 Q=60理論結果........................................................73
圖5-31 二階Twin-T帶拒濾波電路.............................................73
圖5-32 二階巴特沃斯帶拒濾波器理論值與模擬值................................74


表目錄
表1 99年 十大死因排行榜..................................................1
表2-1 十二導程黏貼電極位置表...............................................7
表2-2 台電公司99年各月頻率控制運轉實績表...................................11
表4-1 四階參數表格........................................................40
表4-2 Matlab 理論輸出數值.................................................41
表4-3 Hspice模擬輸出輸據 -1...............................................46
表4-4 理論值與模擬值誤差表 -1.............................................47
表 5-1 LM13700 調整電容與g值之表格..........................................51
表5-2 四階參數表格 -2.....................................................53
表5-3 比較後的電容值與g值.................................................56
表5-4 輸入結果與g值誤差比較-1.............................................57
表5-5 理論與模擬輸出比較結果...............................................58
表 5-6 V1~V6 個別變動0.5%...................................................61
表 5-7 Hspice模擬輸出輸據 -2................................................62
表5-8 理論值與模擬值誤差表-2...............................................63
表5-9 輸入結果與g值誤差比較-2..............................................63
表5-10 g1~g6與C1~C4 變動0.1%輸出改變值.....................................68
表5-11 g1~g6與C1~C4 變動0.1%輸出改變值百分比...............................69
表5-12 g值近似後的值........................................................70
表5-13 g值近似後的輸出表格..................................................71
表5-14 g值近似後的輸入表格..................................................71
表5-15 二階巴特沃斯帶拒濾波器輸出數值........................................74
表5-16 濾波器模擬值比較......................................................75

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[14]看圖識字ECG 作者： 張志偉 醫學博士, 加拿大皇家內科學院院士
繪圖： 葉漢武 附屬單位: 香港中文大學 翻譯： 張舒 北京協和醫學院

[15]ECG 電路之設計與量測及心率變異度分析 國立勤益科大民生電子研討會 WCE2009

[16]Rolf Schaumann, Mac E. Van Valkenburg， “ Design of Analog filters “ p323

[17] LM13700 Dual Operational Transconductance Amplifiers with Linearizing Diodes and Buffers
( http://www.national.com/ds/LM/LM13700.pdf)