臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

從古至今木製弦樂器為一受歡迎之樂器，但於一日內相對溼度變化大的台灣，弦樂器之音響品質易受環境濕度變化而改變，因應這樣的問題，本研究採用高溫處理之方式對樂器用板材進行改質，並透過聲音振動分析儀量測平板振動中(1,1)、(2,0)及(0,2)之模態共振頻率，探討130°C及150°C高溫處理對板材振動性質之影響。結果顯示，經高溫處理之試材於相對濕度90%、70%及50%之間的變化，尺寸收縮率有顯著的改善。木材顏色經150°C高溫處理後有較明顯的變化。試材經高溫處理後，縱向、徑向彈性模數及剪斷模數，有增加的趨勢，而縱向、徑向彎曲振動的內部摩擦及徑切面扭轉振動之內部摩擦皆有減低的趨勢。以比動彈性模數、聲音輻射率及聲音轉換效率來評估響板音響性質，其中雲杉以130°C、相思樹以150°C高溫處理時有較大的增加趨勢，當比動彈性模數、聲音輻射率及聲音轉換效率提升時，聲音於弦樂器響板中有較佳之傳遞及輻射，提升弦樂器之聲音品質。整體而言，經高溫處理對樂器響板之音響品質及物理性能皆有提升的趨勢，且對木材水分吸收率減低有良好的改善效果。

Wooden string instruments are popular in music since ancient times. Related to the problems of large variations of relative humidity in Taiwan which can induce acoustical quality of string instruments, this study aims to improve the acoustical quality of wooden boards using high-temperature treatment. A plate vibration method was used to investigate the effects of 130°C and150°C treatment on vibrational properties of sitka spruce and Taiwan acacia through the resonant frequencies of (1,1), (2,0), and (0,2) mode.The results showed that the shrinkages of high-temperature treated wood according to the dimension changes between 90%, 70%, and 50% were lower than those of control samples. The color change of wood surface after 150°C treatment was more obviously. An increase in modulus of elasticity along longitudinal and radial direction, shear modulus in LR section of test specimens were observed after high-temperature treatment. The internal friction of longitudinal and radial flexural and torsional vibrations of test specimens was reduced after high-temperature treatment. The percentage increases in specific dynamic modulus of elasticity, sound radiation ratio, and acoustic conversion efficiency were greater after 130°C high-temperature treatment for Sitka spruce and 150°C high-temperature treatment for Taiwan acacia. The improvement of those acoustical assessment factors could lead to a better sound quality of string instruments. Overall, the high-temperature treatment could improve the acoustical quality and mechanical performance, and significantly reduce the water absorption of wood.

目錄
摘要 i
Abstract ii
誌謝 iii
目錄 iv
表目錄 vi
圖目錄 vii
壹、前言 1
貳、文獻回顧 2
一、樂器用材之特性與常用樹種 2
二、樂器用材選取之原則 3
(一)選材 3
(二)取材方式 4
三、樂器用材音響性質評估 4
(一)影響木材振動特性之因子 4
1.環境濕度及溫度變化 4
2.時間變化 4
(二)振動特性相關參數 5
(三)音質及音色的測定及實驗 6
四、弦張力大小的影響 7
五、樂器用材之改質 7
六、高溫處理木材特性 8
(一)高溫處理 8
(二)高溫處理木材強度性能 9
(三)高溫處理材色變化 9
(四)尺寸安定性及吸濕性 9
參、材料與方法 10
一、試驗材料 10
二、試驗流程 10
三、高溫處理條件 11
四、高溫處理程序 11
五、試驗方法 12
(一)平均年輪寬 12
(二)年輪傾斜角及木理傾斜角 12
(三)質量與尺寸變化 13
(四)含水率 13
(五)密度 13
(六)收縮率試驗 14
(七)木材顏色 15
(八)抗彎性質 15
(九)振動試驗 16
肆、結果與討論 20
一、物理性質 20
(一)質量與尺寸變化 20
1.質量變化 20
2.尺寸變化 20
(二)含水率變化 21
(三)密度變化 22
(四)收縮率及抗收縮效能 23
1.收縮率 23
2.抗收縮效能 26
(五)表面顏色變化 27
1.色彩值 27
2.色差值 28
3.材色變化 28
(六)抗彎性質變化 29
1.抗彎彈性模數 29
2.抗彎強度 29
二、振動性質 30
(一)未處理材基本性質對振動性質之影響 30
(二)高溫處理對振動性質之影響 32
(三)高溫處理對響板評估參數之影響 35
伍、結論 40
陸、參考文獻 41

中華民國國家標準CNS451。2013。木材密度試驗法。經濟部標準檢驗局。
中華民國國家標準CNS452。2013。木材含水率試驗法。經濟部標準檢驗局。
中華民國國家標準CNS454。2013。木材抗彎試驗法。經濟部標準檢驗局。
中華民國國家標準CNS459。2012。木材尺度收縮率試驗法。經濟部標準檢驗局。
中華民國國家標準CNS6713。2013。木材平均年輪寬度試驗法。經濟部標準檢驗局。
王松永。2001。木材物理學。財團法人徐氏基金會。第271-285頁。
卓志隆。2003。應用化學處理改善弦樂器用木材之音響性質。林產工業。22(4)：265-274。
卓志隆、葉小雲。2006。低分子量酚甲醛樹脂處理對雲杉平板振動性質之影響。林產工業。25(1):21-28。
林冠廷。2012。全尺寸小提琴有限元素模型之建立。國立成功大學碩士論文。第68-81頁。
柯曉翔。2015。股神到披頭四都愛的抒壓小樂器。商業週刊。507期。
莊仲平。2008。提琴的祕密──提琴的歷史、美學與相關的實用知識。藝術家出版社。第184-186頁。
黃彥三、陳欣欣。1997。木理傾斜角與含水率對樂器用材音響性質之影響。台灣林業科學 12(3):355-361。
馮翰高。1971。弦樂四重奏的樂器。第31-33頁。
蔡育昇。2012。葡萄牙琴音化為上帝給夏威夷的禮物烏克麗麗身世溯源。PAR表演藝術雜誌。232:74-77。
蔡如藩。1985。木材力學性質。財團法人徐氏基金會。第61頁。
Bekhta, P. and P. Niemz. 2003. Effect of High Temperature on the Change in Color, Dimensional Stability and Mechanical Properties of Spruce Wood. Holzforschung 57(5):539-546.
Bhuiyan, R. and N. Hirai. 2000. Changes of crystallinity in wood cellulose by heat treatment under dried and moist conditions. J Wood Sci. 46:431-436.
Bhuiyan, R. and N. Hirai. 2001. Effect of intermittent heat treatment on crystallinity in wood cellulose. J Wood Sci. 47:336-341.
‎Brémaud, I. 2012.Acoustical properties of wood in string instruments soundboards and tuned idiophones: Biological and cultural diversity. J Acoust Soc Am. 131(1):807-818.
Brito, J. O., F. G. Silva, M. M. Leão, and G. Almeida.2008.Chemical composition changes in eucalyptus and pinus woods submitted to heat treatment. Bioresour. Technol. 99:8545-8548.
Boonstra, M. J. and B. Tjeerdsma. 2006. Chemical analysis of heat treated softwoods. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff. 64:204-211.


Borrega, M. and P. P. Kärenlampi. 2008. Mechanical behavior of heat-treated spruce (Picea abies) wood at constant moisture content and ambient humidity. Holz Roh Werkst. 66:63-69.
Borrega, M., P. P. Kärenlampi. 2010.Hygroscopicity of heat-treated Norway spruce (Picea abies) wood. Eur J Wood Wood Prod. 68:233-235.
Bucur, V. 1995.Acoustic of wood, pp.135-141.
Buksnowitz, C., Teischinger, A., Müller, U., Pahler, A., and Evans, R. 2007. Resonance wood [Picea abies (L.) Karst.]–evaluation and prediction of violin makers’ quality-grading. J. Acoust. Soc. Am.121(4): 2384-2395.
Chan J. M., J. C. Walker, and C. A. Raymond. 2011. Effects of moisture content and temperature on acoustic velocity and dynamic MOE of radiata pine sapwood boards. Wood Sci. Technol. 45: 609-626.
Esteves B., A. V. Marques, I. Domingos, and H. Pereira. 2007. Influence of steam heating on the properties of pine (Pinus pinaster) and eucalypt (Eucalyptus globulus) wood. Wood Sci. Technol. 41:193-207.
Esteves, B., A. V. Marques, I. Domingos, and H. Pereira. 2008. Heat-induced colour changes of pine (Pinus pinaster) and eucalypt (Eucalyptus globules) wood. Wood Sci. Technol. 42:369-384.
Esteves, B. M., I. J. Domingos, and H. M. Pereira. 2008. Pine wood modification by heat treatment in air. BioRes. 3:142-154.
Fletcher, N. 2012. Materials and musical instruments. Acoustics Australia. 40(2):130-133.
Fritz, C., J. Curtin, J.Poitevineau, P.Morrel-Samuels, and F. C. Tao. 2012. Player preferences among new and old violins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109(3):760-763.
Haines, D. W. 2000. The essential mechanical properties of wood prepared for musical instruments. Catgut Acoustic Society Journal. 4(2): 20-32.
Hill, C. 2006. Wood Modification: Chemical, Thermal and Other Processes. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp.99-127.
Homan, W., B. Tjeerdsma, E. Beckers, and A. Jorissen. 2000. Structural and other properties of modified wood. World Conference on Timber Engineering. 5.
Hurlebaus, S.1999. Nondestructive evaluation of composite laminates. Journal of Nondestructive Testing & Ultrasonics(Germany).4(3).
Hutchins, C. M. 1981.The Acoustics of Violin plates. Scientific American. 245(4): 170.
Jiang, J., Z. Cai, and J. Lu. 2009. Effect of Moisture Sorption State on Vibrational Properties of Wood.16th International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Wood.pp.177-183.
Jansson, E. V. 2002.Acoustic for violin and guitar makers. Department of Speech, Music and Hearing. KTH. Sweden. pp. 4-14.

Kačíková, D.,F. Kačík, I. Čabalová, J. Ďurkovič. 2013. Effects of thermal treatment on chemical, mechanical and colour traits in Norway spruce wood. Bioresour. Technol. 144:669-674.
Korkut,S., M. Akgül, and T. Dündar. 2008. The effects of heat treatment on some technological properties of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood. Bioresour. Technol. 99:1861-1868.
Kubojima, Y., T. Okano, and M. Ohta. 1998. Vibrational properties of Sitka spruce heat-treated in nitrogen gas. J Wood Sci. 44:73-77.
Lee, J. G. 2013. Sound Resonance: How Wood Properties Affect Sound. California state science fair.
Matsuo, M., M. Yokoyama, K. Umemura, J. Gril, K. Yano, and S. Kawai. 2010. Color changes in wood during heating: kinetic analysis by applying a time-temperature superposition method. Appl Phys A. 99: 47-52.
Nakao , T., T. Okano, and I. Asano. 1985. Vibration properties of wooden plate. Mokuzai Gakkaishi. 31(10): 793-800.
Noguchi, T., E. Obataya, and K.Ando. 2012. Effects of aging on the vibrational properties of wood. J Cult Herit. 13(3): S21-S25.
Obataya, E., S. Shibutani, K. Hanata, and S. Doi. 2006. Effects of high temperature kiln drying on the practical performances of Japanese cedar wood (Cryptomeria japonica) I: changes in hygroscopicity due to heating. J Wood Sci. 53:33-38.
Obataya, E., T. Ono and M. Norimoto. 2000. Vibrational properties of wood along the grain. J. Mater. Sci. 35: 2993-3001.
Ono, T. and M. Norimoto. 1983. Study on Young’s modulus and internal friction of wood in relation to the evaluation of wood for musical instruments. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 22(4):611-614.
Ono, T. 1996. Frequence responses of wood for musical instruments in relation to the vibrational properties. J. Acoust. Soc. Jpn. (E) 17:4.
Reddy, J. N. 1990.Theory and analysis of elastic plates. pp. 391-424.
Roohnia, M., A. Tajdini, and N. Manouchehri. 2011. Assessing wood in sounding boards considering the ratio of acoustical anisotropy. Independent Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation 44:13-20.
Schleske, M. 1990. Speed of sound and damping of spruce in relation to the direction of grains and rays. J. Catgut Acoust. Soc. 1(6):16-20.
Sedik, Y., S. Hamdan, I. Jusoh, and M. Hasan. 2010. Acoustic properties of selected tropical wood species. J Nondestruct Eval. 29: 38-42.
Sehlstedt-Persson, M. 2003. Colour responses to heat-treatment of extractives and sap from pine and spruce. 8th International IUFRO Wood Drying Conference.pp.459-464.

Shen, J. 2006. Relationships between longitudinal and radial Picea genera sound vibration parameters. Front. For. China. 4:431-437.
Stamm, A. J., and L. A. Hansen. 1937. Minimizing wood shrinkage and swelling effect of heating in various gases. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 29(7):831-833.
Sundqvist, B. 2004. Colour changes and acid formation in wood during heating. Doctoral Thesis, Lulea University of Technology.
Thermo Wood Association.2003.Thermo Wood Handbook.Wood Focus Oy.Box. 284.
Tiemann, H. D. 1915. The effect of different methods of drying on the strength of wood. Lumber World Review. pp.19-20.
Wegst, U. G. K. 2006. Wood for sound. Am J Bot. 93(10): 1439-1448.
Yano,H., H. Kajita, and K. Minato. 1994. Chemical treatment of wood for musical instruments. J Acoust Soc Am. 96(6): 3380-3391.
Yildiz, S., E. D. Gezer, and U. C. Yildiz. 2006. Mechanical and chemical behavior of spruce wood modified by heat. Build Environ. 41:1762-1766.
Yoshikawa, S. 2007. Acoustical classification of woods for string instruments. J Acoust Soc Am. 122(1):568-573.
Luthiers Mercantile International Inc. 2007 .Wood grading. http://www.lmii.com/wood- grading (2014, December 20).