臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

Background: Over the past century, studies have confirmed that socio-economic status (SES) is a primary underlying cause of differences in health across all age groups. It has been documented that SES-related material disadvantages have a great impact on measures of health outcomes among children. However, few studies have focused on the association between SES and preschool children's motoric and cognitive development. In this study, health and developmental measures of preschool children living in the slum areas of Jakarta were collected to explore the association between SES-related factors and the health and developmental measures among children aged 3 to 5 years old.
Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study. Data were collected from 149 mother-child pairs between in 2016. Independent variables included social and demographic characteristics and SES-related factors (e.g. mother’s age, mother’s education, mother’s occupation status, household income, and house density). Child development such as adaptive behavior, cognitive, and motoric development were treating as outcome variables were measured by using the Battelle Developmental Inventory. Logistic regression was employed to investigate the associations between the variables.
Results: Results showed that most of the mothers interviewed in this study were in a relatively low socioeconomic status. About 56.4% of the mothers entered the childbearing in young age and 79.9% of the mothers had a low education level. Most of them (72.5%) were unemployed and a great majority of them (76.5%) fell in the low household income category. Turning to the dependent variables, 56.4% of the children had a poor adaptive behavior performance and 50.3% of them had a poor cognitive development performance. About 17.4% of the children in this study were performing poorly in motoric development. Logistic regression results indicated that mother’s level of education was associated with a poor adaptive behavior among the children investigated in this study.
Conclusion: Among the SES-related variables included in this study, it turned out that only mothers education was significantly associated with children’s poor adaptive performances. It is speculated that the sample size and other unknown factors might be confounding or mediating the effect of SES on preschool children’s development. Future studies should further investigate the reasons for the high risk of suspected child development.

Background: Over the past century, studies have confirmed that socio-economic status (SES) is a primary underlying cause of differences in health across all age groups. It has been documented that SES-related material disadvantages have a great impact on measures of health outcomes among children. However, few studies have focused on the association between SES and preschool children's motoric and cognitive development. In this study, health and developmental measures of preschool children living in the slum areas of Jakarta were collected to explore the association between SES-related factors and the health and developmental measures among children aged 3 to 5 years old.
Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study. Data were collected from 149 mother-child pairs between in 2016. Independent variables included social and demographic characteristics and SES-related factors (e.g. mother’s age, mother’s education, mother’s occupation status, household income, and house density). Child development such as adaptive behavior, cognitive, and motoric development were treating as outcome variables were measured by using the Battelle Developmental Inventory. Logistic regression was employed to investigate the associations between the variables.
Results: Results showed that most of the mothers interviewed in this study were in a relatively low socioeconomic status. About 56.4% of the mothers entered the childbearing in young age and 79.9% of the mothers had a low education level. Most of them (72.5%) were unemployed and a great majority of them (76.5%) fell in the low household income category. Turning to the dependent variables, 56.4% of the children had a poor adaptive behavior performance and 50.3% of them had a poor cognitive development performance. About 17.4% of the children in this study were performing poorly in motoric development. Logistic regression results indicated that mother’s level of education was associated with a poor adaptive behavior among the children investigated in this study.
Conclusion: Among the SES-related variables included in this study, it turned out that only mothers education was significantly associated with children’s poor adaptive performances. It is speculated that the sample size and other unknown factors might be confounding or mediating the effect of SES on preschool children’s development. Future studies should further investigate the reasons for the high risk of suspected child development.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS i
LIST OF TABLE ii
LIST OF FIGURE iii
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction 1
1. Background 1
2. Problem Statements 5
3. Purpose of Study 6
4. Research Objectives 6
CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review 7
1. Preschool-Age 7
2. Socio-Economic Concept 8
2.1. Mother’s Age 9
2.2. Mother’s Education 10
2.3. Mother’s Occupation 11
2.4. Family Income 12
2.5. House Density 13
3. Child Development 14
3.1. Adaptive Behavior 14
3.2. Cognitive Development 15
3.3. Motoric Development 16
4. Battelle Developmental Inventory Screening Test 18
CHAPTER THREE: Research Method 21
1. Study Design 21
2. Variable Definition 22
3. Research Setting 25
4. Instruments 28
5. Analysis Procedure 30
CHAPTER FOUR: Results 37
1. The Characteristic of Respondents 37
2. Correlation Between Independent Variables 38
3. Logistic Regression Analysis to Predict The Association Between Socio-Economic Status and Child Development 39
CHAPTER FIVE: Discussions 43
1. Analysis 1: The association between SES and children adaptive behavior 43
2. Analysis 2: The association between SES and cognitive development 45
3. Analysis 3: The association between SES and motoric development 47
CHAPTER SIX: Conclusions 50
REFERENCES 53
ATTACHMENTS 59 

LIST OF TABLE
Table 2.1 Developmental domain description related to this study variables 19
Table 3.1 Variable Definition 23
Table 3.2 Interpretation score of BDI 29
Table 4.1 The characteristics of respondent 37
Table 4.2 Correlation result between independent variables 38
Table 4.3 Regression analysis results within each independent variables toward adaptive behavior of the children 39
Table 4.4 Regression analysis results within each independent variables toward cognitive development of the children 40
Table 4.5 Regression analysis results within each independent variables toward motoric development of the children 41
Table 6.1 Summary of Analysis 50

 
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 2.1 Examples of indicators measuring life course socioeconomic position 9
Figure 3.1 conceptual framework of the study 22
Figure 3.2 Sample selection procedure 27
Figure 3.3 Regression analysis framework 33

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