臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近年來，食品安全議題日益嚴重，我國除了要面對國內的不肖業者的威脅外，更要防範貿易帶來的健康危害。其他國家禽流感的爆發對我國來說是一個警訊，禽流感可能對我國造成的影響，包括對於國內農業、動植物健康、人類健康及經濟都帶來衝擊。因此我國政府採取了限制或是禁止禽類及禽類產品進口的防疫及檢疫措施，而這些防疫及檢疫措施必須遵守WTO的規範，特別是規範防疫及檢疫措施的SPS協定。
SPS協定要求各國必須依照科學證據及風險評估制定SPS措施，因此科學在WTO的爭端中扮演了舉足輕重的角色。為確保我國的SPS措施有遵守SPS協定，本文探討了科學證據在SPS協定中的解釋及適用，透過案例法了解遵循SPS協定的方法，並檢視我國現行規範有無違反SPS協定以及爭端解決機構的解釋，最後給予政府機關建議的做法，使我國在WTO的法律遵循工作上可以更趨完善，又同時可以為我國人民的健康把關。

In recent years, the problem of food safety has become much more serious. Our government should not only face the threat from the domestic enterprises but also defend the health risk stemmed from the world trade. The outbreak of avian flu in other countries should be considered an alert to our country. The avian flu may impact our domestic farming, animal and plant health, human health, and economy. As such, out government restricts or prohibits the import of birds and their product. What our government does should comply with related WTO regulation, especially SPS Agreement.
SPS Agreement requires members to enact their SPS measures based on scientific evidence and risk assessment. Therefore, science plays an important role in the WTO dispute settlement. To ensure that our SPS measure complies with SPSAgreement, this article discusses the explanation of scientific evidence through WTO case study. Then whether our current SPS measure violates Panel’s or Appellate Body’s explanation is also examined. Furthermore, this article provides a possible solution to help our government obey WTO law without any sacrifice of nationals’ health.

第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究方法 4
第三節 研究架構 5
第二章 家禽流行性感冒 6
第一節 傳染途徑 7
第二節 症狀 8
第三節 對台灣生態結構之衝擊 8
第四節 對人類健康之衝擊 9
第五節 對台灣經濟之衝擊 11
第三章 我國禽流感防疫措施與WTO規範之潛在衝突 19
第一節 我國禽流感防疫措施概述 19
第一項 系統性查核 20
第二項 檢疫措施 21
第二節 最惠國待遇與GATT例外規定及要件 24
第一項 最惠國待遇 24
第二項 例外規定 25
第三項 針對商品的歧視與針對國家的歧視 27
第三節 SPS規定及要件 28
第一項 SPS協定適用範圍 30
第二項 SPS協定中的不歧視原則 35
第三項 會員國於SPS協定下的權利 38
第四項 國際組織及標準之重要性 38
第五項 風險評估義務 39
第六項 SPS措施之同等性 40
第七項 區域性條件之適應 40
第八項 透明性原則 41
第九項 預防原則 41
第十項 第2.2條與第5.1條之關係 43
第四節 SPS協定與GATT的關係 44
第四章 SPS協定下之科學證據及案例研究 47
第一節 國際組織及其規範 48
第一項 OIE簡介 50
第二項 Terrestrial Code中的風險評估準則 52
第三項 Terrestrial Code中有關家禽肉類的管制措施的建議 53
第二節 科學證據的證據資格 54
第一項 有資格的科學證據來源 56
第二項 主流觀點與少數觀點 57
第三節 充足的科學證據 59
第一項 舉證責任 64
第二項 科學的不確定性與不充足的科學證據之區別 67
第三項 科學證據與風險評估的關係 70
第五章 我國禽流感防疫措施適法性分析以及結論 80
第一節 個別化的差別待遇 80
第一項 區域性條件之適應 81
第二項 免除檢疫之規定 82
第三項 運送時隔離程度的要求 83
第四項 建議 83
第二節 「必要性」要件之檢驗 85
第三節 環境保護與生物多樣性 86
第四節 科學證據與風險評估 88
第五節 結論 92
參考文獻 94

外文文獻
專書
 Tracey Epps, International Trade and Health Protection: A Critical Assessment of the WTO’s SPS Agreement (2008).
 United Nations University Institute of Advanced Studies Report, Trading Precaution: The Precautionary Principle and the WTO (2005).
 Jacqueline Peel, Science and Risk Regulation in International Law (November 2010)
 Marielle D. Masson-Matthee, The Codex Alimentarius Commission and Its Standards (2007).
 Daniel M Byrd III and C Richard Cotheren, Introduction to Risk Analysis: A Systemic Approach to Science-based Decision-making (2005)
 Vern Walker, Keeping the WTO from Becoming the “World” Trans-science Organization: Science Uncertainty, Science Policy, and Fact-finding in the “Growth Hormones Dispute” (1998).
 Lukasz Gruszczynski, Regulating Health and Environmental Risks under WTO Law: A Critical Analysis of the SPS Agreement (2010).
 David Wilson and Digby Gascoine, National Risk Management and the SPS Agreement, in Robertson and Kellow eds., Globalization and the Environment: Risk Assessment and the WTO (Feb. 23, 2001)
 Sheila Jasanoff, Technological Risk and Cultures of Rationality, in Incorporating Science, Economics and Sociology in Developing Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards in International Trade (2000).

期刊論文
 Christiane R Conrad, The EC-Biotech Dispute and Applicability of the SPS Agreement: Are the Panel’s Findings Built on Shaky Ground?, 6 World Trade Review (2007).
 Jacqueline Peel, A GMO by any Other Name . . . Might be an SPS Risk!: Implications of Expanding the Scope of the WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Agreement, 17(5) European Journal of International Law (2007).
 Sara Pardo Quintillhn, Free Trade, Public Health Protection and Consumer Information in the European and WTO Context—Hormone-treated Beef and Genetically Modified , Organisms, 33 Journal of World Trade, Issue 6 (1999).
 Howard T. Markey, Science and Law: A Dialogue on Understanding, American Bar Association Journal, Volume 68 (February 1982).
 Theofanis Christoforou, Settlement of Science-Based Trade Disputes in the WTO A Critical Review of the Developing Case Law in the Face of Scientific Uncertainty, N.Y.U. Environmental Law Journal, Vol. 8 (2000).
 Steve Charnovitz, The Supervision of Health and Biosafety Regulation by World Trade Rules, 13 Tulane Environmental Law Journal (2000).
 Alan O Sykes, Domestic Regulation, Sovereignty and Scientifi c Evidence Requirements: A Pessimistic View, 3 Chicago Journal of International Law (2002).
 Douglas Crawford-Brown, Joost Pauwelyn, and Kelly Smith, Environmental Risk, Precaution and Scientific Rationality in the context of WTO/NAFTA Trade Rules, 24(2) Risk Analysis (2004).
 Jacqueline Peel, Risk Regulation under the WTO SPS Agreement: Science as an International Normative Yardstick?, Jean Monnet Working Paper No 2002/04.
 William Bechtel, Scientifi c Evidence: Creating and Evaluating Experimental Instruments and Research Techniques, PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, Vol 1 (1990).
 Oanne Scott, On Kith and Kine (and Crustanceans): Trade and Environment in the EU and WTO in J.H.H. Weiler, ed., The EU, the WTO and the NAFTA—Towards a Common Law of International Trade? (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
 Joost Pauwelyn, ‘ The WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures as Applied in the First Three Disputes’ (1999) 4 Journal of International Economic Law.

判決
 Panel Report, India — Measures Concerning the Importation of Certain Agricultural Products, WT/DS430/R (Oct. 14, 2014).
 Panel Report, Thailand — Restrictions on Importation of and Internal Taxes on Cigarettes, DS10/R. 37S/200 (Nov. 7, 1990).
 Panel Report, United States — Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, WT/DS2/R (Jan. 29, 1996)
 Panel Report, European Communities — Measures Affecting Asbestos and Products Containing Asbestos, WT/DS135/R (Sep. 18, 2000).
 Appellate Body Report, European Communities — Measures Affecting Asbestos and Products Containing Asbestos, WT/DS135/AB/R (Mar. 12, 2001).
 Appellate Body Report, European Communities — Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones), WT/DS26/AB/R; WT/DS48/AB/R (Jan. 16, 1998)
 Panel Report, European Communities — Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas, WT/DS27/R/ECU (May 22, 1997).
 Panel Report, European Communities — Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products, WT/DS291/R; WT/DS292/R; WT/DS293/R (Sep. 29, 2006).
 Appellate Body Report, Australia — Measures Affecting Importation of Salmon, WT/DS18/AB/R (Oct. 20, 1998).
 Appellate Body Report, Japan — Measures Affecting Agricultural Products, WT/DS76/AB/R (Feb. 22, 1999)
 Appellate Body Report, Japan — Measures Affecting the Importation of Apples, WT/DS245/AB/R (Nov. 26, 2003).
 Appellate Body Report, India — Measures Concerning the Importation of Certain Agricultural Products, WT/DS430/AB/R (June 4, 2015).
 Panel Report, European Communities — Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones), WT/DS26/R/USA (Aug. 18, 1997)
 Appellate Body Report, Korea – Definitive Safeguard Measure on Imports of Certain Dairy Products, WT/DS98/AB/R (Dec. 14, 1999).
 Appellate Body Report, United States - Measures Affecting Imports of Woven Wool Shirts and Blouses from India, WT/DS33/AB/R (Apr. 25, 1997).
 Panel Report, United States — Continued Suspension of Obligations in the EC — Hormones Dispute, WT/DS320/R (Mar. 31, 2008).
 Appellate Body Report, United States — Continued Suspension of Obligations in the EC — Hormones Dispute, WT/DS320/AB/R (Oct. 16, 2008).
 Panel Report, Japan – Measures Affecting the Importation of Apples, WT/DS245/R (July 15, 2003).
 Panel Report, European Communities — Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products, Annex F, WT/DS291/R/Add.4; WT/DS292/R/Add.4; WT/DS293/R/Add.4 (Sep. 29, 2006).
 Panel Report, Japan - Measures Affecting Agricultural Products, WT/DS76/R (Oct. 27, 1998).

WTO官方文件
 WTO Secrerariat, The report to the 39th session of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, Activities of the WTO SPS Committee and other Relevant WTO Activities in 2015 and the First Quarter of 2016, CAC 39/ INF/3, (July, 2016).

網路資源
 World Organization for Animal Health, Avian Influenza Summary, available at http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Media_Center/docs/pdf/Disease_cards/AI-EN.pdf (last visited Aug. 10, 2016).
 WHO Report, Influenza at the human-animal interface--Summary and assessment, 9 May to 13 June 2016, available at http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/Influenza_Summary_IRA_HA_interface_06_13_2016.pdf (last visited Sep. 10, 2016).
 WHO Report, Cumulative number of confirmed human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) reported to WHO, available at http://www.who.int/entity/influenza/human_animal_interface/H5N1_cumulative_table_archives/en/index.html (last visited July 6, 2016)
 OIE official website, http://www.oie.int/about-us/ (last visited Nov. 16, 2016).
 OIE official website, http://www.oie.int/about-us/our-missions/ (last visited Nov. 16, 2016).
 OIE official website, http://www.oie.int/en/international-standard-setting/terrestrial-code/ (last visited Nov. 16, 2016).

中文文獻
專書
 國家衛生研究院流感研究小組（2006），《認識H5N1新型流感》，二版。
 國家衛生研究院流感研究小組（2009），《認識H1N1及H5N1新型流感》，四版。
 A. A. Aclicino（著），何灣嵐等（譯）（2006），《打敗禽流感-如何在禽流感大流行中存活》，初版，聯經出版事業股份有限公司。
 《中華民國104年農產貿易統計要覽》，行政院農業委員會統計室編印，2016年4月。
 羅昌發（2010），《國際貿易法》，元照出版。

期刊論文
 鄭雅綺（2007），〈禽流感疫情對總體經濟的口能衝擊—各實證量化評估結果的啟示〉，《經濟研究》，第七期。
 鄭維智（2015），〈回顧我國食品管理之演進及精進〉，《台灣臨床藥學雜誌》，23卷3期。

碩士論文
 謝雨婷（2011），《禽流感、狂牛症和H1N1新型流感對台灣肉品消費之影響》，國立中正大學經濟學系國際經濟學碩士學位論文。
 林哲民（2008），《禽流感威脅下對台灣地區禽肉消費之影響》，國立中正大學國際經濟研究所碩士論文。

網路資源
 2016/2/22行政院農業委員會公告，https://www.baphiq.gov.tw/view.php?catid=14927（最後瀏覽日：2016/8/7）。
 行政院農業委員會動植物防疫檢疫局禽流感資訊專區，http://ai.gov.tw/qanswers.php?id=221（最後瀏覽日：2016/8/7）
 行政院農委會公告，http://www.coa.gov.tw/show_communique.php?cat=show_communique&serial=coa_webuser1_20150520154754 （最後瀏覽日：2016/8/7）。

新聞媒體
 2015/10/7自由時報新聞，http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/life/paper/921460（最後瀏覽日：2016/8/7）。