臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

能源問題一直是國際社會關注的議題，從煤炭時代到石油時代能源消費量的增長，進而帶動科技與文明的猛烈成長。然而，隨之而來的是永續性及化石燃料燃燒所帶來的環境問題，人們開始重視與拓展可再生與乾淨的新能源，風能、地熱能、生物質能、太陽能等可再生能源的研究應運而生，其中又以太陽能“取之不盡、用之不竭”的特性成為近年來研究的寵兒。
MAPbI3的鈣鈦礦太陽能電池根據理論預測，應可以達到30%的光電轉換效率，但是目前世界紀錄最高效率為22.1%。而造成目前效率無法達到理論極限的主要原因，是因為鈣鈦礦薄膜的各種缺陷所造成，其中包含了薄膜所成長出來的晶粒為多晶，多晶與多晶之間的晶粒界造成的缺陷態對性能有很大的影響，如果能夠得到一個單晶的薄膜，應該能夠再進一步提升太陽能電池的效率。
因此為了達到這個目的，我們提出Laser-induced solution-phase deposition 的製程技術，簡稱LISPD，此技術是利用一階段旋轉塗布鈣鈦礦製程的過程當中使用雷射來做時間空間演化，進而影響加熱的時間空間演化以及長晶的時間空間演化，使鈣鈦礦層先在旋轉基板中心長出晶種，再朝徑向往外成長，以期達到整片形成單晶的鈣鈦礦薄膜並提升效率。
本工作在二階段旋轉塗布鈣鈦礦製程時，藉由最佳化製程參數，達到了最大晶粒大小 260 nm，太陽能電池光電轉換效率達到7%。以此為基礎，更在LISPD製程中達到平均晶粒大小 1μm，相比我們自己一階段反溶液製程的對照組樣品 600 nm有顯著的增長且不同於一般旋轉塗佈製程所成長出來的晶相是凌亂排列的，LISPD所成長的所有晶體皆是由底層往上長的柱狀結構，也因此可預期會有較好的效率與性能上的提升。

Energy issues have always been an important subject of global concerns. The increase of energy consumptions brings the rapid growth of science, technology and civilization from coal age to oil era. However, combustion of fossil fuels leads to many environmental problems and the sustainability. As a result, renewable and clean energy starts to be paid attention and developed. Wind, geothermal, biomass and solar energy emerge at a historic moment. Because of the unlimited supply, solar energy has become a famous candidate in recent years.
The highest photoelectric conversion efficiency of MAPbI3 perovskite solar cell is 22.1% currently while the theoretical prediction is 30%. The main reason for not achieving this prediction is that the perovskite film contains various defects. That is, the perovskite film is polycrystalline which contains crystal grains. Grain boundary has a great impact on the performance of solar cell which can be improved by making the perovskite film single crystalline.
In order to achieve this goal, we proposed a laser-induced solution-phase deposition (LISPD). This technique introduces a laser to affect the spatial-temporal evolution of heating and crystallization of perovskite film during the one-step spin-coating perovskite deposition process. The seed will be grown in the center of the rotating substrate and then grows outwardly. Finally, a monocrystalline perovskite film can be achieved and the efficiency of solar cell can be improved.
The largest grain size of 260 nm and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of 7% was achieved with the optimized parameter in the two-step spin-coating perovskite deposition process. Based on this, the average grain size grown by LISPD was 1 um, compared to that of 600 nm grown by one-stage anti-solution process. What’s more, the column-structure crystals grown by LISPD were well arranged from bottom to top. Therefore, a better efficiency and performance of solar cell could be expected.

中文摘要 1
Abstract 3
致謝 5
目錄 6
圖目錄 9
表目錄 13
一、 緒論 14
1.1 前言 14
1.1.1 太陽能簡介 14
1.1.2 太陽能電池的介紹與分類 16
1.1.3 太陽能電池的工作原理與器件結構 20
1.1.4 鈣鈦礦電池 21
1.2 研究動機與目的 27
二、雷射輔助晶體成長自動控制系統 28
2.1 雷射光源 28
2.2 光路移動系統 30
2.3 雷射輔助晶體成長自動控制系統Laser-induced solution-phase deposition (LISPD)介紹 32
2.4 雷射輔助晶體成長自動控制系統架設 34
2.4.1 儀器及光路架設 34
2.4.2 自動控制 36
2.4.3 雷射輸出功率與固定基板溫度校正 37
2.4.4 雷射加熱的時間空間演化 38
三、分析儀器原理 39
3.1 掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM) 39
3.1.1 歷史回顧 39
3.1.2 電子束與試片之交互作用 39
3.1.3 儀器架構 41
3.1.4 成像 49
3.1.5 EDS成分分析 50
3.2 紫外-可見光光譜儀 51
3.3 太陽能電池電流電壓特性量測與分析系統 54
四、實驗方法與材料 56
4.1 基板清潔 56
4.2 材料配置 58
4.2.1 二階段製程 58
4.2.2 一階段製程 (MAPbI3) 59
4.2.3 一階段製程 (MAPbI3-xClx) 60
4.3 實驗參數 62
4.3.1 二階段製程 62
4.3.2 一階段製程 (MAPbI3) 63
4.3.3 一階段製程 (MAPbI3-xClx) 64
4.4 雷射移動參數 65
五、 結果與討論 68
六、總結與未來展望 87
參考文獻 88

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