臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

語言轉換成本不對稱性是指當從第一語言 (L1) 轉換到第二語言 (L2) 時所需的時間成本與從 L2 轉換到 L1的成本不同。主要是由L2-L1的轉換成本大於L1-L2的轉換成本，但此現象只發生在當語言轉換作業是念字作業時，在字彙判斷作業上則沒有一致的發現。本研究的目的即是在控制語文材料與實驗程序為相似的情形下，探討作業差異 (念字作業 vs. 字彙判斷作業) 和 語言轉換前的字彙長度 (1、2、5、6) 對語言轉換成本不對稱性的影響。七十三位中英雙語的大學生被隨意分配至念字作業或字彙判斷作業中，從事含有 1、2、5、6 不同字彙長度的語言轉換作業。結果發現，在念字作業及字彙判斷作業中，均有類似的語言不對稱性成本。 從 L2 轉換至 L1的轉換成本大於 L1-L2 的轉換成本，但此現象只出現在當轉換前另一語言的字彙長度為5到6字時。當轉換前另一語言的字彙長度為1到2字時，並沒有轉換成本。 此外，當語言轉換前另語言字彙為5到6字時，L1-L2的語言轉換皆會產生正向觸發效應。此發現可解釋為兩種語言的字彙表徵是儲存在同一個認知系統中。當L1為目標語言時，L2 會同時被激發。但由於L1 是優勢語言，L2對L1 不足以產生干擾，因此不被抑制。相反的，在L2為目標語言時，同時被激發的 L1 會比L2 強而產生競爭，L1的激發強度會隨 L2 的字彙長度增長而累積上升，對 L2目標作業產生干擾。因此需要被抑制。

The asymmetrical language switching cost refers to the difference in switching cost between two languages’ switching direction (from first language, L1, to second language, L2, vs. from L2 to L1). The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in the asymmetrical switching cost between the word naming task (production) and the lexical decision task (recognition). The time course in switching was also examined. Seventy-three Chinese-English bilingual students were randomly assigned to the word naming task or the lexical decision task. The results showed that similar patterns of the asymmetrical switching cost were observed in word naming and word recognition task. Switching from L2-L1 entails larger cost than in L1-L2 switching, only when the switching was preceded by 5 to 6 responses in L2 language. There was little switching cost when switching was preceded by only one or two words in either L1 or L2 switching. Furthermore, the positive priming effect was found in L1-L2 switching when the switching was preceded by 5 to 6 L1 responses. The findings suggest that L1 and L2 languages may be represented in the same memory system and time is required before the inhibition in L1 was built up to reduce its interference to L2 word naming and word recognition.

摘要 i
Abstract ii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables vii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Literature Review 12
2.1 Asymmetrical language switching cost 12
2.2 Asymmetrical language switching cost in language production 15
2.3 Asymmetrical language switching cost in word recognition 22
2.4 Theories to account for asymmetrical language switching 32
2.4.1 Inhibitory Control (IC) Model 33
2.4.2 BIA Model 34
2.4.3 BIA+ model 36
2.5 Research problem and hypothesis 39
Chapter 3 Method 43
3.1 Participants 43
3.2 Experimental materials for the LDT and Naming Task 44
3.3 Manipulation of the independent variables in Experiment 2 46
3.4 Measurement of the dependent variables 47
3.5 Apparatus 49
3.6 Procedure 49
3.7 Experimental Design and Data Analysis in Experiment 1 and 2 52
Chapter 4 Result 54
Experiment 1 57
Experiment 2 60
The RT on word naming task (language switching trials) 65
Asymmetrical switching cost in word naming task 68
The RT on lexical decision task (language switching trial) 71
Asymmetrical switching cost in lexical decision task 73
Chapter 5 General Discussion 78
Research limitations and future researches 84
References 86
Appendix 1 94
Appendix 2 98
Appendix 3 101
Appendix 4 106
Appendix 5 111
Appendix 6 114

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