臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘 要
腐植酸是土壤腐植質中含量最多的重要組成，而有機質肥料在土壤中轉化亦會產生腐植酸，故其在作物栽培上對土壤、肥料及作物等影響扮演重要角色。近年國內無論有機生產或慣行農耕，甚多以天然磷礦粉為磷肥者，但磷礦粉溶解度低，研究指出添加有機物或腐植質可增加磷有效性，但並未探討腐植酸與其他有機酸共存時對磷礦粉溶解之影響。另外，強酸性土壤佔台灣耕土中相當大的比例，在強酸性土壤中作物有金屬毒害之虞，是否可利用腐植酸緩解亦待探究，因此，本研究旨在探討（1）腐植酸對不同土壤中養分釋出效應；（2）腐植酸或其與有機酸共存時對難溶之磷礦石與鳥糞石中養分溶出之影響；以及（3）腐植酸對作物養分吸收、生長及錳毒害之緩解作用，期供有機生產或慣行農耕應用。本研究依目的分成三個試驗，其試驗方法及結果如下：
試驗一為腐植酸對土壤養分釋出之效應：以pH 7.0之腐植酸溶液處理鳳光里系、平鎮系及鹿港系等三種不同土壤，使土壤含25 g kg-1之腐植酸組成三處理，並分別以未處理者為對照，在250C恆溫箱及100 rpm迴旋振盪下，孵育60天後過濾，測定濾液中養分，殘渣另做固態X光繞射分析及電泳超過濾分析殘渣中有效性及潛在性磷與鉀，比較各處理間養分含量差異。結果顯示，腐植酸可提高石灰質或強酸性土壤中磷與鉀之有效性及石灰質土壤中鈣與鎂之有效性；而僅能提高強酸性土壤中之鎂有效性但對鈣則否；腐植酸亦顯著增加土壤鐵與鋁之溶出。
試驗二為腐植酸或其與有機酸共存時對磷礦石及鳥糞石中養分溶出之影響：將不同羧基數之三種有機酸（甲酸、草酸及檸檬酸），以其添加腐植酸與否，及以鹽酸及去離子水為萃取液，在調整其pH與否之情況，並均以中性腐植酸為對照萃取液，合計九種萃取液，分別加於磷礦石及鳥糞石各組成九處理，在250C恆溫箱及150 rpm迴旋振盪反應20小時後過濾，分析及比較各處理之磷、鈣、鎂溶出量。結果顯示，中性腐植酸自磷礦石中溶出磷、鈣及鎂量，分別為67、38及5 mg L-1，而自鳥糞石溶出者分別為20、34及12 mg L-1。未調整有機酸pH下，添加腐植酸能促進草酸和檸檬酸自磷礦石和鳥糞石之釋磷作用，而腐植酸能否增進有機酸自磷礦石和鳥糞石中溶出鈣與鎂，則與含磷資材種類有關，如可增進磷礦石中鈣釋出但不利鎂之釋出，而對鳥糞石其效應則相反；中性有機酸添加腐植酸有促進磷礦石和鳥糞石中磷、鈣與鎂溶出之作用。
試驗三為腐植酸對作物養分吸收與錳毒害之緩解：其一採水耕方式，以大豆（高雄選10號及大連豆兩品種）為供試作物，以Johnson水耕液原來之pH（5.6）及調整至7.5兩種酸鹼度、有或無添加腐植酸500與1000 mg L-1及配合以硝酸錳或氯化錳為錳源多添加50 mg L-1錳和未多添加三種錳濃度組成十個不完全處理，進行水耕栽培。高雄選10號大豆與大連豆分別於處理後10及14天採植體分析及比較其要素含量。結果顯示，在原水耕液錳濃度之二種酸鹼度下，添加腐植酸皆減少高雄選10號之氮、磷、鉀、鈣及鎂之吸收，但在原酸性水耕液下多可促進大連豆對上述養分之吸收，顯示腐植酸促進大豆對大量及次量養分元素之吸收因品種而異。對微量元素吸收影響而言，不多加錳而在二種酸鹼度下，添加腐植酸降低高雄選10號大豆之鐵吸收，但大連豆僅在水耕液pH 5.6添加腐植酸時，鐵吸收減少，而在pH 7.5時則有利於鐵吸收。同樣的，在未多加錳的情況下，於二種酸鹼度下添加腐植酸皆可增進兩種大豆之錳吸收。原水耕液pH下且僅多加50 mg L-1之錳，兩種大豆葉部錳濃度遠高於160 mg kg-1之錳毒害臨界值，分別添加二種濃度腐植酸者，高雄選10號大豆錳吸收無顯著變化，但大連豆者減少，惟二種大豆葉部錳濃度仍大於錳毒害臨界值而應有錳毒害現象。添加腐植酸對大豆鋅之吸收，因水耕液酸鹼度與品種不同而異，酸性時，腐植酸降低兩種大豆之鋅吸收；鹼性下，腐植酸使高雄選10號大豆之鋅吸收減少而大連豆者增加。 其二採土耕試驗，供試土壤同試驗一，供試作物為萵苣，供試土壤分別以中性腐植酸處理使其分別多含10、20及30 g kg-1，並以未添加者為對照，每種土壤共組成四處理，不同處理土壤裝盆後種植萵苣，35天後採收植體分析，比較其養分吸收。結果顯示，腐植酸在不同土壤中對萵苣之養分吸收有不同影響。在鳳光里系及鹿港系土壤，添加量在30 g kg-1以內，大致降低萵苣對氮、磷、鉀、鈣、鎂、鐵、錳、銅及鋅等養分之吸收，但平鎮系土壤添加腐植酸則改善萵苣生長及促進氮、鐵、銅及鋅等養分之吸收。

Abstract
The humic acid (HA) is the major constituent of soil humus and is a common product of organic fertilizer when the organic matter is incorporated to soil. Humic acid is highly related to soil, fertilizer and crop and plays an important role in crop production. Recently, the direct use of phosphate rocks (PR) as phosphorus source is common in traditional or organic farming. However, the low solubility of PR confines its use. There is much study about to enhance the availability of PR by addition of organic matter or humic substances. However, little study has been done about the effect of HA combined with organic acid on the solubility of PR. In addition, there is a large area of strongly acidic soils in Taiwan, thus crops grown on it may suffer from high concentrations of manganese (Mn) and aluminum (Al). An attempt to reduce the toxicity by HA is also deeply concerned. Therefore, the objectives of the study are to investigate: (1) the effect of HA on the release of nutrients from different soils; (2) the effect of HA, organic acids or combination of both on the release of nutrients from PR or guano; and (3) the effect of HA on the nutrient uptake, growth, and reducing Mn toxicity of crop.
In the experiment I, Fengkuangli (Fk), Pinchen (Pc), and Lukang (Lu) soils were used in comparing the effect of 25 g kg-1 HA on the release of nutrient from the soils with that of the control (without HA addition). After completely mixing the soil with HA, the soils were incubated under 25oC and shaking at 100 rpm for 60 days and then the suspensions were filtered. The concentrations of various nutrients in filtrate were determined and the residue was analyzed by X-ray diffraction. The electro-ultra-filtration (EUF) was used to extract the available or potential phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the residues. The results show that HA addition increased the availability of P and K in calcareous or strongly acidic soil and was favorable for the release of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in calcareous soil. However, HA addition increased Mg release of strongly acidic soil. Humic acid also enhanced significantly the release of iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) in strongly acidic soil.
In experiment II, nine different extractants included three kinds of organic acids (formic, oxalic, and citric acid) which were combined with HA or not, 1.0 g L-1 HA solution, deionic water, and 1.0 g L-1 hydrochloric acid solution were used for the extraction of nutrients from PR or guano. The effects of pH level of the extractants on the solubilization of nutrients from PR and guano were also studied. The addition rate of PR and guano in 100 mL extractant was 0.25 g. The reactants were shaking at 150 rpm under 25oC for 20 hours and filtered. The contents of P, Ca, and Mg in filtrate were determined. The results show that amount of P, Ca, and Mg solubilized from PR by neutral HA were 67, 38, and 5 mg L-1, respectively, while that from guano were 20, 34, and 12 mg L-1, respectively. The HA enhanced the solubilization of P from PR and guano by oxalic and citric acid at unadjusted pH condition. The enhancement of Ca and Mg solubilization by organic acids from PR and guano with the addition of HA was quite different. Humic acid increased the solubilization of Ca but decreased that of Mg from PR and the reverse was true for guano. The solubilization of P, Ca, and Mg by the three kinds of organic acids used from PR and guano increased under neutral pH condition.
In experiment III, a hydroponic culture and a soil culture were used. There were 10 treatments in hydroponic culture and two varieties of soybean (Kaohsiung sel. 10 and Dalian) were used as indicator plant. The treatments were incomplete combination of two pH levels (5.6 and 7.5), three HA levels (0, 500, and 1000 mg L-1), two Mn levels (0.1 and 50.1 mg L-1) and two Mn sources (manganese chloride and manganese nitrate). The Kaohsiung sel. 10 soybeans were treated for 10 days and that of Dalian soybeans 14 days. After harvesting and drying, the plants materials were analyzed the various nutrient contents. The results show that HA-treated Kaohsiung sel. 10 soybean absorbed less nitrogen (N), P, K, Ca, and Mg than that without HA addition. However, in acidic condition, HA addition enhanced the uptake of N, P, Ca, and Mg of Dalian soybeans. In the cultural solution with 0.1 mg L-1 Mn concentration, the uptake of Fe by Kaohsiung sel. 10 soybeans decreased by application of HA but that of Mn in the two varieties of soybean increased. Addition of HA decreased the Fe uptake by Dalian soybean in pH 5.6 cultural solution but that increased in pH 7.5 cultural solution. Under 50.1 mg L-1 Mn concentration in cultural solution and without application HA, the leaf Mn concentrations of the two varieties of soybean were higher than 160 mg kg-1 which was the critical toxic level of Mn. With addition of HA, the Mn uptake of Dalian soybean decreased. However, the Mn concentrations in leaves were still higher than 160 mg kg-1. With application of HA in cultural solution, the zinc (Zn) uptake of the two varieties of soybean decreased under acidic (pH 5.6) condition. However, the Zn uptake of the Kaohsiung sel. 10 soybean decreased but that of the Dalian soybean increased in alkaline (pH 7.5) condition. The soil cultivation study was conducted in a greenhouse using three kinds of soil (Fk, Lu, and Pc), four application rates of HA (0, 10, 20, and 30 g kg-1) and employing lettuce as an indicator plant. After 35 days of treatment, plants were harvested for analysis. The results show that the effects of HA on the nutrient uptake of lettuce were significantly different according the soil series. The uptake of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn by lettuce with application HA decreased as compared with the control in Fk and Lu soil. However, the growth and nutrient uptake by lettuce grown in Pc soil increased with the application of HA.

封面
摘要
Abstract
第一章　緒論
第二章　文獻回顧
第一節　土壤腐植酸與土壤有機酸
第二節　腐植酸之生成
第三節　腐植物質對作物生長及養分吸收影響
第四節　腐植物質對植株各部位養分濃度之影響
第五節　影響腐植物質對植物養分吸收作用之因素
第六節　不同來源之腐植物質對植物生長及養分吸收之影響
第七節　植物中養分之增加與腐植物質本身所含養分之關連性
第八節　腐植物質中不同成分促進植物生長及養分吸收之作用
第九節　腐植物質增進植物生長與養分吸收之機制
第三章　腐植酸對土壤養分釋出之效應
第一節　前言
第二節　材料與方法
第三節　結果與討論
一、腐植酸對土壤中銨態氮、磷與鉀釋出之影響
二、腐植酸對土壤中鈣與鎂釋出之影響
三、腐植酸對土壤鐵、鋁與錳溶出之影響
第四節　結論
第四章　腐植酸對有機酸溶出磷礦粉及鳥糞石養分的影響
第一節　前言
第二節　材料與方法
第三節　結果與討論
一、有機酸溶出磷礦粉及鳥糞石中磷、鈣與鎂的效
二、腐植酸對有機酸溶出磷礦粉及鳥糞石中磷、鈣及鎂的影響
第四節　結論
第五章　腐植酸對作物養分吸收與錳毒害的緩解作用
第一節　前言
第二節　材料與方法
一、水耕試驗
二、土耕試驗
第三節　結果與討論
一、腐植酸對水耕大豆生長與緩解錳毒害之效應
二、腐植酸對水耕大豆營養要素吸收之影響
三、腐植酸對土耕萵苣生長之效應
四、腐植酸對土耕萵苣營養要素吸收之影響
第四節　結論
第六章　總結
第七章　參考文獻
附錄

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