臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

美國西海岸碼頭代表資方的太平洋海運商聯盟與代表勞方的國際碼頭與倉儲工會於2002年5月進行新協約的集體協商，勞資雙方無法在合約上達成共識，隨著勞資協商惡化，資方決定關閉美國西岸29個碼頭，此舉造成進出美國西海岸的貨輪受阻，有高達200艘貨輪停困在美國西海岸，數以百萬美元的貨物與貨櫃堆放碼頭，無法流通，已嚴重影響國家經濟與國家安全，亦引發全球的經濟危機。
本研究首先瞭解美西碼頭勞資爭議始末，繼而探討勞資爭議發生原因、爭議過程中雙方採取爭議行為、協商過程及結果，同時亦對於雙方採取手段的合法性以及總統藉由冷卻期緩和雙方對立情緒之作法加以分析。
研究方法係透過個案研究、媒體報導、勞資雙方網站上的資料、書籍、期刊論文等，歸納出研究結論。
結論：
一、ILWU與PMA的歷史關係從對立到合作。
二、勞資雙方策略運用：(1)從競爭到妥協；(2)勞資雙方的戰術-資方採取情勢拉高戰術要求政府介入，及強勢封港手段拒絕協商。勞方採取結盟戰術尋求外界聲援，及掛鉤戰術增加議題。
三、政府的態度從初期不介入勞資爭議到介入勞資爭議的處理。
四、美國勞資爭議處理制度的優越性：(1)明訂簽約階段勞資爭議之處理；(2)適時啟動處理緊急勞資爭議機制；(3)規範資方採取「防禦性鎖廠」行為之合法性。

New agreement has been conducted regarding to the collective bargaining between Pacific Maritime Association which represented the management and International Longshore and Warehouse Union which represented the labor on the US west coast port in May 2002. Both management and labor could not reach consensus, and the consultations were deteriorated. The management had decided to close all the west coast terminals in the US. More than 200 freighters which routed through the US west coast had been trapped and more than million US dollars worth of the freights and containers were also been stacked without circulations. The action had caused negative impacts to the national economy and security, and generated global economical crisis.

This research aims to evaluate the entire management and labor conflict issues, and further to comprehend the causes of labor disputes, controversial act, consultation process, and outcome. Furthermore to analyzing the legitimacy of the means from both sides as well as to comprehend the president’s endeavor by exploiting the cooling-off period to ease the confrontation.

The research methods were through the case study, media news, the information from the management and labor websites, books, and dissertation publications.

Conclusion：
1. The historical relations between ILWU and PMA from confrontation to collaboration
2. The strategies between both sides: (1) from competition to compromise. (2) tactical planning – the management wished to extend the battlefield to the government, and used strong means shutting down the ports without any consultation while the labor side sought for the alliance tactics to elaborate the issues
3. Government’s attitude from the early non-intervention in labor disputes to interfere in labor disputes
4. The advantages of labor disputes system in United States are to (1) stipulate the handling of the labor disputes in contract stage (2) start the emergency labor disputes mechanism in time (3) stipulate legitimacy of the management to take “defensive lockout” behavior.

謝誌
中文摘要
英文摘要
表目錄 iii
圖目錄 iv

第一章 緒論
第一節 研究動機與目的 …………………………………………1
第二節 研究方法 …………………………………………………3
第三節 章節安排 …………………………………………………4

第二章 文獻探討
第一節 美國勞資爭議處理制度 …………………………………5
第二節 爭議行為及其正當性探討 ………………………………10
第三節 爭議行為之限制 …………………………………………15
第四節 怠工與鎖廠行為合法性之探 ……………………………17

第三章 ILWU與PMA組織發展以及兩者之歷史關係
第一節 ILWU組織形成與發展 ……………………………………21
第二節 PMA組織的形成與發展 ………………………………… 33
第三節 ILWU與PMA的歷史關係 ………………………………… 35

第四章 2002年美西碼頭勞資爭議處理與結果
第一節 爭議發生與雙方爭議行為 ………………………………41
第二節 勞資爭議處理 ……………………………………………45
第三節 新團體協約達成 …………………………………………54

第五章 2002年美西碼頭勞資爭議評析
第一節 勞資雙方的訴求與談判產出 ……………………………57
第二節 勞資雙方的策略與政府態度 ……………………………64
第三節 美國勞資爭議處理制度與碼頭爭議之處理 ……………70

第六章 結論……………………………………………………… 75

參考文獻…………………………………………………………… 81

附錄一 國際碼頭及倉儲工會地方分會名錄…………………… 86

附錄二 太平洋海運商聯盟成員………………………………… 88

附錄三 2002年美西封港事件發展紀要………………………… 90

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