臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

這篇論文是一個嘗試，為了要理解詩人一句調詭而浪漫的話。 想像力，詩人史帝文生說：『是足與外在暴力相抗衡的內在暴力。』 無法避免地，我們居住在一個充滿暴力的世界；有加諸於心理及加諸於肉體的暴力，也有源自於內心及來自於外界的暴力。 存在自身即是一種力量的展現；但，當此種力量作用至極限，就成了暴力。 為成為一個人，在避免落入暴力陷阱的前題下，每一個個體總是在試著盡可能的證明自身的存在性。 足以從根本上來證明個體的方法是透過想像力及語言。 也是一股足以幫助我們擊敗『現實的壓力』的力量。 語言，則在本質上證明了個體的存在性。 哲學家海德格因此說：『語言是存在的居所。』 語言為存在構造出了一個框框；因此，語言的極限也就成了存在的極限。 在本論文中， 十八世紀的黑奴女詩人菲俐絲‧慧特俐被用來證明語言與存在的緊密關聯性。 在七 (或八) 歲時即從塞內加爾地區被綁架，年僅三十一歲，慧特俐就死於貧病交迫，正如她其他數以百萬計的同胞。 儘管如此，因一本詩集的存在，慧特俐因而免於寂寂無名的死去。 雖身份卑微而身體孅弱，以她剛學到的語言為唯一的手段，女詩人仍試著對抗奴隸制度加諸於她身上的暴力。 雖然對於女詩人的藝術成就仍多有爭辯， 然而，以她突顯自身存在的努力而言，這個早熟的女詩人是成功的。 再一次地，她個人的努力為人類挑戰及對抗外在的暴力又留下了一次不可磨滅的痕跡。

This thesis is an attempt to realize the romantic words of a poet. Imagination is “a violence from within that protects us from a violence without,” says Wallace Stevens. Inevitably, we all live in a world of violence, both violence from within and from without. Existence per se is a manifestation of basic power, and violence is that of ultimate power. To become a human, one always tries to distinguish himself from mere existence, while avoiding falling victim to violence. The essential way to substantiate one’s being is through imagination and language. “Language is the house of beings,” says Heidegger. Language is what frames one’s being; the limit of language is the limit of being. In this thesis, an 18th-century black slave poetess Phillis Wheatley will testify to the immediateness of this relationship. A black girl abducted from Senegal at the age of 7 or 8, and at 31, Wheatley died in poverty and ill health. However, she did not die in oblivion, because of the publication of a volume of poems. The fragile poetess manages to defy the outer violence imposed upon her by wielding the only handy tool she has, viz., the language she acquires in the New Continent. And despite all the controversies on her artistry, the poetess is successful to the extent as to distinguish her existence. Her personal efforts leave again one more indelible remark of human’s travail to dare and defy the outward violence.

Table of Contents
Acknowledgements------------------------------------------------------------------------------i
Chinese Abstract--------------------------------------------------------------------------------ii
Abstract------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iii
Table of Contents-------------------------------------------------------------------------------iv
Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
I. Getting to know Phillis Wheatley-----------------------------------------------------1
II. II. Wheatley: a model of defiance of violence from without---------------------4
Chapter I-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
I. Understanding Violence----------------------------------------------------------------9
II. Definitions of Violence---------------------------------------------------------------10
III. Causes of Violence-------------------------------------------------------------------16
IV. Types of Violence--------------------------------------------------------------------20
V. Nature of Violence--------------------------------------------------------------------25
IV. Conclusion----------------------------------------------------------------------------27
Chapter II---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------30
I. Poets’ Defenses-------------------------------------------------------------------------30
II. “Writing is Re-naming”--------------------------------------------------------------32
III. The Language of Poetry as a Means to Establish One’s Individuality--------39
IV. Poetry ─ the Most Violent Genre of Literature--------------------------------44
V. The Redress of Poetry----------------------------------------------------------------48
Chapter III--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------51
I. Personal Violence Wheatley Encounters─An Imposed Name and A Tragic Incongruity-----------------------------------------------------------------------------52
II. Critical Violence Wheatley Has to Face-------------------------------------------57
III. Wheatley the Poetess Stands As Proof to Resist the Violence of Slavery----------------------------------------------------------------------------------64
IV. Wheatley’s Works Stand as Resistance to Outward Violence------------------66
Chapter IV--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------73
I. Works on Slavery-----------------------------------------------------------------------77
II. Works on Death------------------------------------------------------------------------84
III. Works on Religion/ Christianity----------------------------------------------------89
IV. Works on Metaphysical themes---------------------------------------- ------------94
Conclusion--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------99
Works Cited-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------103

Works Cited
Baynes, Kenneth. “Violence and Communication: The Limits of Philosophical
Explanations of Violence.” Brady and Garver 82- 9.
Bennett, Paula. “Phillis Wheatley’s vocation and the paradox of the ‘Afric Muse’.”
PMLA 113: 1 (Jan 1998): 64-76. <http://global.umi.com/>.
Bloom, Harold. The Anxiety of Influence: A Theory of Poetry. N.Y.: Oxford UP,
1973.
Blumethal, Monica D., et al. Justifying Violence: Attitudes of American Men. Ann
Arbor, Michigan: Institute for Social Research, 1973.
Bly, Antonio T. “Wheatley’s To the University of Cambridge, in New-England.”
The Explicator 55:4 (Summer 1997): 205-8.
---. “Wheatley’s On the Death of a Young Lady of Five Years of Age.” The
Explicator 58 (Fall 1999):10-13.
Brady, James B., and Newton Garver, eds. Justice, Law, and Violence.
Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1991.
Brown, Sterling. “Part I: The Negro in American Poetry.” Negro Poetry and
Drama and the Negro in American Fiction. N. Y.: Atheneum, 1972. 4-31.
Burke, Helen M. “The Rhetoric and Politics of Marginality: The Subject of Phillis
Wheatley.” Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature 10:1 (1991): 31-45.
Campbell, Joseph. “Myth and the Modern World.” The Power of Myth: With Bill
Moyers. N. Y.: Anchor Books Doubleday, 1991. 1-43.
Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer MetaPage. Online. 8 Oct.,
2002. <http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/c/cme/cme-idx?type=header&idno=CT>
Chien, Cheng-chen. Language-Consciousness-Reading: Toward a
Phenomenological Poetics. Taipei: Bookman, 1989.
Cotta, Sergio. “The Nihilistic Significance of Violence.” Brady and Garver 70-81.
---. Why Violence?: A Philosophical Interpretation. Trans. Giovanni Gullace.
Gainesville: UP of Florida, 1985.
Cullen, Countee. “Yet Do I Marvel.” The Norton Anthology of African American
Literature. Henry Louis Gates, Jr., and Nellie Y. McKay, eds. 1305.
Davis, Arthur P. “Personal Elements in the Poetry of Phillis Wheatley.” Phylon 13
(2nd Quarter 1953): 191-98.
Diamond, Stephen A. “The Angry American: An Epidemic of Rage and Violence:
Introduction.” Anger, Madness, and the Daimonic: The Psychological Genesis
of Violence, Evil, and Creativity. N.Y.: State U of New York P, 1996. 1-31.
Dicanio, Margaret. “Introduction.” The Encyclopedia of Violence: Origins,
Attitudes, Consequences. N. Y.: Facts on File, 1993. ix-xii.
Eliot, T. S. On Poetry and Poets. London: Faber and Faber, 1957.
---. The Waste Land. Bartleby. com: Great Books Online. Online. 8 Oct., 2002.
<http://www.bartleby.com/ 201/1.html>
---. “Tradition and the Individual Talent.” The Sacred Wood: Essays on
Poetry and Criticism. N. Y.: Routledge, 1989. 47-59.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo. “The Poet.” The Complete Essays and Other Writings of
Ralph Waldo Emerson. Ed. Brooks Atkinson. N. Y.: The Modern Library,
1940. 319-41.
Erkkila, Betsy. “Revolutionary Women.” Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature (Fall
1941. 1987): 189-223.
Fielding, Henry. “Dedication.” The History of Tom Jones: A Foundling. N. Y.:
New American Library, 1963. v-viii.
Fishel, Leslie H., Jr. and Benjamin Quarles
Flanzbaum, Hilene. “Unprecedented Liberties: Re-reading Phillis Wheatley.”
Melus 18:3 (Fall 1993): 71-81.
Fletcher, Jonathan. Violence and Civilization: An Introduction to the Work of
Norbert Elias. Malden, M.A.: Polity Press, 1997.
Foster, Frances Smith. Written by Herself: Literary Production by African American
Women, 1746-1892. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana UP, 1993.
Fox, Robin. “The Violent Imagination.” Aggression and Violence. Ed. Peter
Marsh and Anne Campbell. Oxford, U.K.: Basil Blackwell, 1982. 6-26.
Gates, Henry Louis, Jr, ed. Black Literature and Literary Theory. N.Y.:
Routledge, 1990.
---. Figures in Black: Words, Signs, and the “Racial” Self. N.Y.: Oxford UP, 1987.
---, and Nellie Y. McKay. “Phillis Wheatley.” The Norton Anthology of African
American Literature. 164-77.
Girard, René. Violence and the Sacred. Trans. Patrick Gregory. Baltimore and
London: The John Hopkins UP, 1977.
Gray, J. Glenn. “Understanding Violence Philosophically.” On Understanding
Violence Philosophically and Other Essays. N. Y.: Harper, 1970. 1-33.
Grimsted, David. “Anglo-American Racism and Phillis Wheatley’s ‘Sable Veil,’
‘Length’ned Chain,’ and ‘Knitted Heart’.” Women in the Time of American
Revolution. Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, eds. Charlottesville: The UP
Of Virginia, 1992. 338-444.
Gutman, Herbert G. The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom: 1750-1925. NY:
Vintage Books, 1976.
Harmon, William, and C. Hugh Holman. A Handbook to Literature. 7th ed.
Upper Saddle River, N. J.: Prentice Hall, 1996.
Harris, John. “A Defense of Non-‘violent’ Violence.” Violence and Responsibility.
London: Routledge, 1980. 10-23.
Hayden, Lucy K. Masterpiece of African-American Literature. Frank N. Magill,
ed. N.Y.: Harper Collins Publishers, 1992. 451-5.
Heidegger, Martin. “Letter on Humanism.” Basic Writings: From Being and Time
(1927) to The Task of Thinking (1964). Ed. David Farrell Krell. N. Y.:
HarperCollins Publishers, 1992. 217-65.
---. “. . . Poetically Man Dwells. . .” Poetry, Language, Thought. Trans. and
Intro. Albert Hofstadter. N. Y.: Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 1975. 213-29.
---. “The Nature of Language.” On the Way to Language. Trans. Peter D. Hertz.
N. Y.: Harper Collins Publishers, 1971. 57-108.
---. “The Way to Language.” On the Way to Language. 111-36.
---. “Words.” On the Way to Language. 139-56.
Henderson, Stephen E. “’Survival Motion’: A Study of the Black Writer and the
Black Revolution in America.” The Militant Black Writer in Africa and the
United States. Madison: The U of Wisconsin P, 1969. 63-129.
Hoffman, Piotr. “Conclusion: Violence.” Doubt, Time, Violence. Chicago: The
U of Chicago P, 1986. 116-29.
---. Violence in Modern Philosophy. Chicago: The U of Chicago P, 1989.
Holy Bible: King James Version. Colorado Springs: International Bible Society,
1987.
Isani, Mukhtar Ali. “The British Reception of Wheatley’s Poems on Various
Subjects.” The Journal of Negro History 66 (Summer 1981): 144-9.
---. “’Gambia on My Soul’: Africa and the African in the Writings of Phillis
Wheatley.” Melus 6:1 (Spring 1979): 64-72.
---. “The First Proposed Edition of Poems on Various Subjects and the Phillis
Wheatley Canon.” American Literature: A Journal of Literary History,
Criticism, and Biography 49:1 (March 1977): 97-103.
Jackson, Blyden. “The First Poets.” A History of Afro-American Literature: The
Long Beginning, 1746-1895. Baton Rouge and London: Louisiana State UP,
1989. 29-46.
Jamison, Angelene. “Analysis of Selected Poetry of Phillis Wheatley.” Journal of
Negro Education 43:3 (Summer 1974): 408-16.
Jefferson, Thomas. Notes on the State of Virginia. N.Y.: Norton, 1972.
Jensen, Marilyn. Phillis Wheatley: Negro Slave of Mr. John Wheatley of Boston.
N.Y.: Lion Books, Publishers, 1987.
Jordan, June. “The Difficult Miracle of Black Poetry in America or Something Like
A Sonnet for Phillis Wheatley.” Massachusetts Review (Summer 1986):
252-62.
Kendrick, Robert L. “Re-membering America: Phillis Wheatley’s Intertextual Epic.”
African American Review 30:1 (Spring 1996):71-88.
---. “Snatching a Laurel, Wearing a Mask: Phillis Wheatley’s Literary Nationalism
and the Problem of Style.” Style 27:2 (Summer 1993):222-51.
Ladd, John. “The Idea of Collective Violence.” Brady and Garver 19-47.
Levernier, James A. “Style as Protest in the Poetry of Phillis Wheatley.” Style 27:2
(Summer 1993): 172-93.
---., and Douglas R. Wilmes. “Phillis Wheatley.” American Writers Before 1800: A
Biographical and Critical Dictionary Q-Z. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1983.
1559-61.
Long, Richard A., and Eugenia W. Collier. “Introduction.” Afro-American Writing:
An Anthropology of Prose and Poetry. University Park: The Pennsylvania State UP, 1996. 1-6.
Lorenz, Konrad Z. King Solomon’s Ring: New Light on Animals Ways. Trans.
Marjorie Kerr Wilson. N. Y.: Harper, 1972.
Marvin, Garry. Bullfight. Oxford, UK: B. Blackwell, 1988.
Mason, Julian. “’Ocean’: A New Poem by Phillis Wheatley.” Early American
Literature 34:1 (1999): 78-83.
May, Rollo. Power and Innocence: A Search for the Sources of Violence. N. Y.:
Dell Publishing Co., Inc., 1972.
McKenna, Andrew J. Violence and Difference: Girard, Derrida, and
Deconstruction. Urbana and Chicago: U of Illinois P, 1992.
Milton, John. Areopagitica. Online. 28 April, 2004. Renascence Editions.
<http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~rbear/ren.htm>
Nott, Walt. “From ‘uncultivated Barbarian’ to ‘Poetical Genius’: The Public
Presence of Phillis Wheatley.” Melus 18:3 (Fall 1993): 21-32.
Odell, Margaretta Matilda. “Introduction.” Memoir and Poems of Phillis
Wheatley, A Native African and a Slave. Also, Poems by a Slave. Salem, New
Hampshire: Ayer Company, Publishers, Inc., 1988. 7-35.
Ogude, S. E. “Slavery and the African Imagination: A Critical Perspective.” World
Literature Today 55:1 (Winter 1981): 21-5.
O’Neale, A. Sondra. “A Slave’s Subtle War: Phillis Wheatley’ Use of Biblical Myth
and Symbol.” Early American Literature 21:2 (Fall 1986): 145-65.
---. “Challenge to Wheatley’s Critics: ‘There Was No Other ‘Game’ in Town.”
Journal of Negro Education 54:4 (Fall 1985):500-11.
Perry, Ted. Chief Seattle’s Reply. The Original Smith Text: Chief Seattle. Online.
The eJournal Website: Critical Thinkers Resources. 30 Sep. 2002.
<http://www.synaptic.bc.ca/ejournal/seattle.htmA>
Pippin, Tina, and George Aichele. “Introduction.” Violence, Utopia, and the
Kingdom of God: Fantasy and Ideology in the Bible. Eds. Tina Pippin and
George Aichele. London: Routledge, 1998. 1-7.
Plato. “Cratylus.” The Collected Dialogues of Plato: Including the Letters. Eds.
Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns. N.Y.: Pantheon Books, 1961. 421-74.
---. “Book X.” Plato’s The Republic. Trans. B. Jowett. N. Y.: The Modern
Library, 1941. 360-97.
Porter, Dorothy B. “Early American Negro Writings: A Bibliographical Study.”
The Papers of Bibliographical Society of America 39 (Third Quarter, 1945):
192-270.
Pound, Ezra. “Praefatio Ad Lectorem Electum (1910).” The Spirit of Romance.
N. Y.: New Directions Pub. Corp., 1968. 5-7.
Redding, J. Saunders. To Make a Poet Black. Ithaca and London: Cornell UP,
1988.
Reiss, Albert J., Jr., and Jeffrey A. Roth, eds. Understanding and Preventing
Violence. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1993.
Renfro, G. Herbert. “Sketch of the Life of Phillis Wheatley.” Life and Works of
Phillis Wheatley. Salem, New Hampshire: Ayer Company, Publishers, Inc.,
1916. 9-26.
Rich, Adrienne. Adrienne Rich’s Poetry and Prose. Ed. Barbara Charlesworth
Gelpi. N.Y.: Norton, 1993.
---. Blood, Bread, and Poetry: Selected Prose 1979-1985. N.Y.: Norton, 1986.
---. On Lies, Secrets, and Silence: Selected Prose 1966-1978. N. Y.: Norton, 1979.
Richards, Phillip. “Phillis Wheatley and Literary Americanization.” American
Quarterly 44:2 (June 1992): 163-91.
Riches, David, ed. The Anthropology of Violence. Oxford, U.K.: Basil Blackwell,
1986.
Richmond, Merle A. Bid the Vassal Soar: Interpretive Essays on the Life and Poetry
of Phillis Wheatley (ca. 1753-1783) and George Moses Horton (ca. 1797-1883).
Washington, D.C.: Howard UP, 1974. 3-78.
---. Phillis Wheatley: Poet. N.Y.: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988.
Rigsby, Gregory. “Form and Content in Phillis Wheatley’s Elegies.” CLA Journal
19 (December 1975): 248-57.
---. “Phillis Wheatley’s Craft As Reflected in Her Revised Elegies.” Journal of
Negro Education 47 (Fall 1975): 402-13.
Rinaldi, Ann. Hang A Thousand Trees with Ribbons: The Story of Phillis Wheatley.
N.Y.: Gulliver Books, 1996.
Robinson, William H. Critical Essays on Phillis Wheatley. Boston: G. K. Hall &
Co., 1982.
---. “Phillis Wheatley: Colonial Quandary.” CLA Journal 9 (September 1965):
25-38.
---. “Phillis Wheatley in London.” CLA Journal 21(December 1977):187-201.
Rogal, Samuel J. “Phillis Wheatley’s Methodist Connection.” Black American
Literature Forum 21 (Spring-Summer 1987): 85-95.
Said, E. W. Culture and Imperialism. N.Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993.
---. Out of Place: A Memoir. N.Y.; Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.
Scheick, William J. “Subjection and Prophecy in Phillis Wheatley’s Verse
Paraphrases of Scripture.” College Literature 22:3 (October 1995): 122-30.
Shelley, Percy Bysshe. “A Defense of Poetry.” Selected Poetry and Prose. Ed.
Alasdair D. F. Macrae. N. Y.: Routledge, 1991. 204-33.
Sherrow, Vicotria. Phillis Wheatley: Poet. N.Y.: Chelsea House Publisher, 1992.
Silverman, Kenneth. “Four New Letters by Phillis Wheatley.” Early American
Literature VIII: 3 (Winter 1974): 257-71.
Sistrunk, Albertha. “Phillis Wheatley: An Eighteenth-Century Black American Poet
Revisited.” CLA Journal 23 (June 1980): 391-8.
Smith, Eleanor. “Phillis Wheatley: A Black Perspective.” Journal of Negro
Education 43 (Summer 1974): 401-7.
Sorel, Georges. “The Ethics of Violence.” Reflections on Violence. Ed. Jeremy
Jennings. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999.
Stern, Laurence. Dedication. Tristram Shandy. N. Y.: Norton, 1980.
Stetson, Erlene. “Introduction.” Black Sister: Poetry by Black American Women,
1746-1980. xvii-xxiv.
Stevens, Wallace. The Necessary Angel: Essays on reality and the Imagination.
London: Faber and Faber, 1984.
Wagner, Jean. “Introduction.” Black Poets of the United States: From Paul
Laurence Dunbar to Langston Hughes. Trans. Kenneth Douglas. Urbana: U
of Illinois P, 1973. 3-36.
Waldenfels, Bernhard. “Limits of Legitimation and the Question of Violence.”
Brady and Garver 99-111.
Watson, Martha. “A Classic Case: Phillis Wheatley and her Poetry.” ELA 31:2
(1996), 103-32.
Watt, Roberta Frye. “Four Wagons West.” The Original Smith Text: Chief Seattle.
Online. The eJournal Website: Critical Thinkers Resources. 30 Sep. 2002.
<http://www.synaptic.bc.ca/ejournal/smith.htm>
Wellman, Carl. “Violence, Law, and Basic Rights.” Brady and Garver 170-86.
Wheatley, Phillis. The Poems of Phillis Wheatley: Revised and Enlarged Edition.
Julian D. Mason, Jr., ed. and intro. Chapel Hill: The U of North Carolina P,
1989.
Wilcox, Kirstin. “The Body into Print: Marketing Phillis Wheatley.” American
Literature 71:1 (March 1999):1-29.
Young, Kevin. “Homage to Phillis Wheatley.” The Paris Review 148 (Fall 1998):
32-3.
Young, Mary E. Mules and Dragons; Popular Culture Images in the Selected
Writings of African-American and Chinese-American Women Writers. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1993.