臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文主要為設計及分析採用四相式同步整流、直流電源轉換器為拓樸架構，實現具有低電壓、高電流、低漣波之直流電源轉換器，已達到目前CPU所需130A大電流高效能之應用，實驗測試結合Intel 發展VTT transient tool 透過RS-232介面與電腦實際模擬CPU 處理器之負載線測試、暫態響應和動態電壓變化。系統整體上具有過電壓保護、過電流保護、負載線熱漂移溫度補償功因輸入、高頻直流降壓漣波穩定及即時人機介面測試等性能；最後實驗架構以CPU處理為負載進行系統實際操作與驗證轉換器之有效性

The Voltage Regulator Module (VRM) concept was developed by Intel to guide the design of dc-dc converters that supply the required voltage and current to a Pentium® microprocessor. The maximum voltage is determined by the five-bit VID (Voltage Identity) code provided to the VRM. The five-bit, five-pin VID code connects the power supply controller to the corresponding pins on the microprocessor. Therefore, the internal coding in the microprocessor controls the dc voltage applied to processor. VRM guidelines are intended for a special module, usually a small circuit board, that plugs into the computer system board and supplies power for the microprocessor.

TABLES OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS i
CHINESE ABSTRACT ii
ENGLISH ABSTRACT iii
TABLES OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES viii
CHAPTER
I Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation 1
1.2 The article structure 6
II Design of CPU Power Requirements 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Applications 8
2.3 Basically Electrical Function Specification 11
2.3.1 Voltage Droop & Load Line 11
2.3.2 Overshoot 12
III The Methods of Control Loop and Circuit 14
3.1 Voltage Mode 14
3.2 Current Mode 15
3.3 Hysteretic Model 17
3.4 Current Sensing Circuit 19
3.4.1 Current Sensing by Inductor DCR 19
3.4.2 Current Sensing by Mosfet Rds(ON) 22
IV Stable Compensation for Buck Converter 24
4.1 Introduction 24
4.2 Type 2 Compensation 27
4.3 Type 3 Compensation 27
V Design Procedure 38
5.1 Introduction 38
5.2 General design procedure 39
VI Test Result 47
6.1 Schematic 48
6.2 Experimental Results of 4 Phases Converters 49
6.3 Thermal Test Result 57
VII Conclusions 61
REFERENCES 63

[1]Intel Specification, “Voltage Regulator-Down (VRD)10.X Design Guide,” Jul. 2004.
[2]Intel Specification, “Voltage Regulator-Down (VRD)11.X Design Guide,” Jul. 2005.
[3]Intel Corp. “Intel Pentium 4 Processor 660,650,640 and 630 Datasheet ,” Feb. 2005
[4]Intel Corp “ Mobile Intel Pentium 4 processor Supporting Hyber-Threading Technology on 90-am process Technology,” Datasheet , Jan. 2005.
[5]A. V. Peterchev and S. R. Sanders, “Load-Line Regulation with Estimated Load-Current Feedforward : Application to Microprocessor Voltage Regulators, ” in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.21 , no.6 , Nov.2006 , pp 1704-1717.
[6]Operation of High-Frequency DC/DC Conversion for Next-Generation Microprocessors,” IEEE Industrial electronics, vo1.1, pp.30-35, Nov.2003.
[7]Rich Nowakowski “電源管理－高效能處理器的負載點電源供應設計技巧” 德州儀器公司 ，May.2006.
[8]Frederik Dostal “技術論壇－談DC與DC電源轉換控制拓樸的選擇方式 “ 國家半導體公司，April.2007.
[9]ISL6561 Data Sheet , Intersil Corp., Nov. 2002.
[10]SN060180 Data Sheet , TI Corp, May.2007.
[11] IR3084U Data Sheet , International Rectifier Corp, Dec. 2004.
[12]Designing Stable Compensation Networks for Single Phase Voltage Mode
Buck Regulator /Interil Doung Mattingly, Dec. 2007.
[13]S. Sao, C. Ren, F.C.Lee and Angelo Geraci, ”An Innovative Digital control Architecture for Low-Voltage, High-Current DC–DC Converters with Tight Voltage Regulation,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron, Vol. 19, no.1, pp. 210-218, Jan. 2004.
[14]Xunwei Zhou, “Low-Voltage High-Efficiency Fast Transient Voltage Regulator Modules”, Ph.D. Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. State Univ., Blackburg, 1999.
[15]K. Yao, Y. Ren, F.C.Lee, “Critical Bandwidth for The Load Transient Response of Voltage Regulator Moules, “IEEE Trans. On Power Electronics, Vol.19, No. 6 , pp.1454-1461, Nov.2004.
[16]W. Gu, W. Qiu, W. Wu and I. Batarseh ,” A Multiphase DC/DC Converter with Hysteretic Voltage Control and Current Sharing ,” in proc. IEEE APEC’02,Vol. 2, pp.670-674, Mar. 2002
[17]National Semiconductor corp., “IMVP-V Core regulator solution.” Presentation Material, Feb. 2002.
[18]A.I. Pressman, “Switching Power Supply Design”, McGraw-Hill Publisher, Second Edition,1999.
[19]Intersil Corp. “Notebook PC Power ICs, “ Presentation material, Feb. 2004.
[20]E. Standford , “Power Technology Roadmap for Microprocessor Voltage regulators,” in Proc .Power Sources Manufactures Associations Conf., Feb. 2004.
[21]E. Standford, ” New Processor will require new Powering Technologies,” Mag. Power Electronics technology, pp. 32-42, Feb. 2002.