臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在簽訂雙邊投資協議的趨勢下，兩岸於民國101年8月簽訂了《兩岸投資保障及促進協議》。本協議之特色之一，在於爭端解決機制之安排：除了現行雙邊投資協議所包含的國與國間、投資人與地主國間之爭端解決條款外，本協議亦涵蓋了私人間的投資商務糾紛。其中，投資人與地主國間爭端解決條款之研究為中心。
本文首先就兩岸就對外投資及外來投資之政策變化與態度轉變、兩岸相互投資歷史，及台商在大陸投資時所遇到的糾紛與困難加以闡述。接著介紹《兩岸投資保障及促進協議》之簽訂過程與其內容、特色。
為對投資人與地主國間爭端解決規範有詳盡的瞭解，本文就現行雙邊投資協議規範下所解決之爭端類型、所提供之解決爭端途徑及其架構等三方面進行分析。在了解現行雙邊投資協議之相關規範後，提出大陸與台灣在與其他國家簽訂之雙邊投資協議下此等規範。最後著墨於兩岸過往協議爭端解決之安排提出兩岸爭端解決。
《兩岸投資保障及促進協議》第十三條係投資人地主國間爭端解決條款。就第十三條，本文提出三個面向的討論及疑問：其一，那些爭端是在本條之涵蓋範圍；其二，本條所提供之五種爭端解決機制，能否提供能拘束雙方之結果；其三，五種爭端解決機制中，是否有公正第三人的加入。作者藉由與先前提出同類規範之比較及單就本條文之解釋兩種方法，嘗試在現行架構下就前諸問題提出可能解套。
此協議的簽訂是兩岸共同努力的成果，能有效適用協議中各規範是肯認協議的最好方法。本文針對投資人地主國間爭端解決條款提出潛在問題與解決之道，希冀能藉此對第十三條之運作有些許貢獻。

In the trend of signing bilateral investment treaties, Cross-Strait Investment Protection and Promotion Agreement (the Agreement) entered into its signatory in August 2012. One of the special features of the Agreement is its dispute settlement regime. It includes not only State-State and Investor-State ones, but also includes Private-Private ones. In the thesis, the author emphasized on the disputes settlement clause between an investor of one Contracting Party and the other one.
In Chapter Two, focus is fixed on the bilateral investment both in terms of policy perspective and statistic point of view. Other issues raised under this Chapter are way of resolving disputes in the past, and problems or difficulties Taiwanese investors encountered. The last section in this Chapter is the introductory notes to the Agreement, both in its content and the highlights of this Agreement.
Turning to Chapter Three, Investor-State dispute settlement provisions in modern BITs are firstly introduced. Analysis conducted on these dispute settlement provisions are on three perspectives: subject matter, and that channels are provided to resolve investment disputes and the structure of such provisions. Attention is then shifted to the Investor-State dispute settlement provisions in cross-strait practices. Furthermore, agreements concluded between China and Taiwan are examined on the arrangements of dispute settlement mechanism.
In Chapter Four, analysis is conducted on Article 13 (Settlement of Disputes Between an Investor and the Host Party) of the Agreement. Three issues are discussed in this Chapter. The first one is the subject matter of this clause. The second issue is the non-binding force of five dispute settlement channels provided in Article 13. The last issue is in regard to the involvement of neutral third party. The next Chapter focuses on possible enhancement in Article 13’s operation responding to the issues brought about in Chapter Four. By means of interpreting Art. 13 and making comparison between Art. 13 and other Investor-State dispute settlement provisions, the author proposes possible ways to facilitate the function of Art. 13.
Riding on the train of signatory to BITs, the two sides across the strait have endeavor much effort from negotiation, drafting, until the born of the Agreement. And this is indeed a remarkable step for both China and Taiwan. The thesis puts forwards some potential issues and doubts, later on tries to response to these issues raised. There is limitation to the thesis, but hopefully by proposing ideas in solving potential problems, there would be contribution to the actual function of Art. 13.

TABLE OF CONTENTS i
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES iv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND OF CROSS-STRAIT INVESTMENT AND THE CONCLUSION OF CROSS-STRAIT BIA 6
2.1 Cross-Strait Economic and Investment Relations 7
2.1.1 The Positions of China and Taiwan on Foreign Direct Investment 8
2.1.1.1 China’s Changing Attitude Towards Foreign Investment 8
2.1.1.2 Taiwan’s Attitude Towards Foreign Direct Investment 11
2.1.2 Bilateral Investment Across the Taiwan Strait 14
2.1.2.1 Taiwan’s Investment in China 14
2.1.2.2 China’s Investment in Taiwan 17
2.2 Problems Encountered and Solutions to Disputes 20
2.2.1 Difficulties and Disputes Taiwanese Investors Faced 21
2.2.2 Type of Cross-Strait Investment Disputes 24
2.2.3 Channels for Resolving Investment Disputes 24
2.3 Introduction to Cross-Strait BIA 28
2.3.1 Background and Signatory of Cross-Strait BIA 29
2.3.2 Content and Features of Cross-Strait BIA 31
2.3.3 What Cross-Strait BIA Offers 35
CHAPTER 3 INVESTOR-STATE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROVISIONS IN MODERN BITS AND CROSS-STRAIT PRACTICES 37
3.1 Typical Investor-State Dispute Settlement Provisions Contained in Modern BITs 39
3.1.1 “Cafeteria Style” 40
3.1.1.1 Energy Charter Treaty 40
3.1.1.2 Sri Lanka Model BIT 42
3.1.2 Offer to Arbitrate 43
3.1.2.1 German Model BIT 2008 44
3.1.2.2 U.S. Model BIT 2012 46
3.1.2.3 U.K. Model BIT 2005 (with 2006 Amendments) 49
3.1.2.4 The North American Free Trade Agreement 52
3.1.3 Status Quo for Resolving Disputes in Modern BITs 53
3.1.3.1 The Acceptance of Final and Binding Force 54
3.1.3.2 The Involvement of Neutral Third Party 56
3.1.3.3 Exhaustion of Local Remedies 57
3.2 Two Generations of China’s Investment Treaties and Their Dispute Resolution Clauses 60
3.2.1 “First Generation” of China’s Investment Treaties 60
3.2.2 “Second Generation” of China’s Investment Treaties 64
3.3 Taiwan as Signatory Party to BITs 70
3.3.1 Taiwan-India BIA 73
3.3.2 Taiwan-Japan BIA 75
3.4 Dispute Settlement Arrangements under Previous Cross-Strait Non-Investment Agreements 76
3.4.1 Pre-ECFA Era Agreements 77
3.4.2 ECFA and Post ECFA Agreements 81
3.4.2.1 Dispute Settlement Provision in ECFA 81
3.4.2.2 Dispute Settlement Clauses Contained in Post ECFA Agreements 83
CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS ON ARTICLE 13 (SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES BETWEEN AN INVESTOR AND THE HOST STATE) OF CROSS-STRAT BIA 86
4.1 Subject Matter of Investor-State Dispute Clause 86
4.1.1 “Suffered Losses” 88
4.1.2 A Breach by the “Institutions or Organizations” of the Other Party 92
4.2 Non-Binding Force of Dispute Resolution Options 94
4.2.1 Amicable Negotiation Between the Parties 96
4.2.2 Coordination Through Coordination Mechanism at the Place of Investment or the Superior Authorities 97
4.2.3 Resolution through Investment Working Group of the ECC 98
4.2.4 Mediation Under Cross-Strait Investment Dispute Settlement Institution 99
4.2.5 Administrative Remedy or Judicial Proceedings of the Host Party 100
4.3 Lack of Neutral Third Party 102
4.3.1 Amicable Negotiation Between the Parties 103
4.3.2 Coordination Through Coordination Mechanism at the Place of Investment or the Superior Authorities 104
4.3.3 Resolution through Investment Working Group of the ECC 105
4.3.4 Mediation Under Cross-Strait Investment Dispute Settlement Institution 106
4.3.5 Administrative Remedy or Judicial Proceedings of the Host Party 107
CHAPTER 5 POSSIBLE ENHANCEMENT OF ARTICLE 13 OPERATION 110
5.1 “Losses Suffered” as A Precondition or Losses as Claims? 111
5.2 Sequence Or Variety of Options? 113
5.2.1 Structure of Investor-State Dispute Settlement Clause 113
5.2.1.1 Category I: Negotiation 116
5.2.1.2 Category II: Involvement of a Third Party 117
5.2.2 Relationship Between Art. 13.1.(5) (“Local Remedies”) and Others Channels 119
5.3 Making Dispute Resolution Binding and Imposing Impartiality to the Proceedings 121
5.3.1 Connotation and Coverage of Mediation in Art. 13.1.(4) 122
5.3.2 Empowering Binding Force to Mediation 124
5.3.2.1 Adopting Med-Arb Characteristic 125
5.3.2.2 Introducing Binding Mediation to Cross-Strait Circumstances 126
5.3.2.3 “Good Faith” Requirement in Annex 129
5.3.3 Standard for Institution Candidates 130
5.3.4 Ensuring Due Process in Mediation Proceedings 132
5.3.4.1 Imposing Impartiality and Independence Factors to Third Party & Appointment of Mediators 134
5.3.4.2 Parties’ Choice Among Institution Candidates 136
5.3.4.3 Confidentiality 136
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION 138
REFERENCES 141
APPENDIX 153

BOOKS
BORN, GARY B. (2012), INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION: LAW AND PRACTICE.
CHATTERJEE, CHARLES & ANNA LEFCOVITCH (2008), ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION: A PRACTICAL GUIDE.
COOLEY, JOHN W. & STEVEN LUBET (2005), ARBITRATION ADVOCACY 263 (2d ed.).
DOLZER, RUDOLF & CHRISTOPH SCHREUER (2008), PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW.
DONG, SHIZHONG, DANIAN ZHANG & MILTON R. LARSON (1992), TRADE AND INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA: THE CURRENT COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK.
DUGAN, CHRISTOPHER F., DON WALLACE, JR., NOAH D. ROBINS & BORZU SABAHI (2008), INVESTOR-STATE ARBITRATION.
GALLAGHER, NORAH & WENHUA SHAN (2009), CHINESE INVESTMENT TREATIES: POLICIES AND PRACTICE.
LEW, JULIAN M., LOUKAS A. MISTELIS & STEPHAN MICHAEL KROLL (2003), COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION.
MCLACHLAN, CAMPBELL, LAURENCE SHORE & MATTHEW WEINIGER (2007), INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT ARBITRATION: SUBSTANTIVE PRINCIPLES.
MOEA, ANNOTATIONS ON INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS (2012) (in Chinese).
REED, LUCY, JAN PAULSSON & NIGEL BLACKABY (2010), GUIDE TO ICSID ARBITRATION.
ROSEN, DANIAL H. & ZHI WANG (2011), THE IMPLICATIONS OF CHINA-TAIWAN ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION.
RUBINS, NORAH & N. STEPHAN KINSELLA (2005), INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT, POLITICAL RISK AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION: A PRACTITIONER’S GUIDE.
SUBEDI, SURYA P. (2008), INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW: RECONCILING POLICY AND PRINCIPLE.
TAO, JINGZHOU (2008), ARBITRATION LAW AND PRACTICE IN CHINA (2d. ed.).
UNCTAD (2007), INVESTOR-STATE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT AND IMPACT ON INVESTMENT RULEMAKING (Series on International Investment Policies for Development).
UNCTAD (2012), WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2012: TOWARDS A NEW GENERATION OF INVESTMENT POLICIES.
VANDEVELDE,KENNETH J. (2009), BILATERAL INVESTMENT TREATIES: HISTORY, POLICY, AND INTERPRETATION.
JOURNAL ARTICLES
Hsu, Chen-Min & Wan-Chun Liu (2004), The Role of Taiwanese Foreign Direct Investment in China: Economic Integration or Hollowing-Out?, 5(2) JOURNAL OF KOREA ECONOMY 207.
Jones, Ray C. (2002), NAFTA Chapter 11 Investor-to-State Dispute Resolution: A Shield to Be Embraced or a Sword to Be Feared?, 2002(2) BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW 527
Kong, Qingjuang (1998/1999), Bilateral Investment Treaties: The Chinese Approach and Practice, 8 ASIAN YEARBOOK OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 105.
Markert, Lars (2012), Arbitration Under China’s Investment Treaties—Does it Really Work?, 5(2) CONTEMPORARY ASIA ARBITRATION JOURNAL 205.
Okuda, Satoru (1994), Taiwan’s Trade and FDI Policies and Their Effect on Productivity Growth, 32(4) DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMY (Institution of Developing Economy, Japan External Trade Organization) 423.
Price, Daniel M. (1993), An Overview of the NAFTA Investment Chapter: Substantive Rules and Investor-State Dispute Settlement, 27 INTERNATIONAL LAWYER (ABA) 272.
Salacuse, Jeswald W. (2007), Is there A Better Way? Alternative Methods of Treaty-Based, Investor-State Dispute Resolution, 31(1) FORDHAM INTERNATIONAL LAW JOURNAL 138.
Smith, Gorden (2010), Chinese Bilateral Investment Treaties: Restrictions on International Arbitration, 76 (1) ARBITRATION 58.
Wang, Margaret (2000), Are Alternative Dispute Resolution Methods Superior to Litigation in Resolving Disputes in International Commerce?, 16(4) ARBITRATION INTERNATIONAL 189.
Wilske, Stephan (2011), Protection of Taiwanese Investor Under Third Party Bilateral Investment Treaties —Ways, Means and Limits of “Treaty Shopping”—, 4(2) CONTEMPORARY ASIAN ARBITRATION JOURNAL 145.
SHORTER WORKS IN COLLECTION
Berger, Axel (2011), The Politics of China’s Investment Treaty-Making Program, in THE POLITICS OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW 162 (Busch eds.).
Coop, Graham (2006), The Energy Charter Treaty: More Than a MIT, in INVESTMENT ARBITRATION AND THE ENERGY CHARTER TREATY 3 (Alarisse Ribeiro ed.).
Feinerman, James V. (1995), The History and Development of China’s Dispute Resolution System, in DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN THE PRC: A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO LITIGATION AND ARBITRATION IN CHINA 5 (Chris Hunter ed.).
Frank, Susan D. (2007), Challenges Facing Investment Disputes: Reconsidering Dispute Resolution in International Investment Agreements, in APPEALS MECHANISM IN INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT DISPUTES 143, 153 (Karl P. Sauvant ed.).
Gouiffes Laurent (2006), The Dispute Settlement Mechanisms of the Energy Charter Treaty, in INVESTMENT ARBITRATION AND THE ENERGY CHARTER TREATY 3, 16 (Alarisse Ribeiro ed.).
Kai, Hober & Nils Eliasson (2009), Investor-State Arbitration in China – An Overview, in BUSINESS DISPUTES IN CHINA 209 (Michel J. Moser ed., 2d ed.).
Miles, Craig S. (2008), Where’s My Umbrella? An “Ordinary Meaning” Approach to Answering Three Key Questions That Have Emerged from the “Umbrella Clause” Debate, in INVESTMENT TREATY ARBITRATION AND INTERNATIONAL LAW 1 (TJ Greirson Weiler ed.).
Nancy A. Welsh (2011), Mandatory Mediation and Its Variations, in UNCTAD, INVESTOR-STATE DISPUTES: PREVENTION AND ALTERNATIVES TO ARBITRATION II 108 (Susan D. Frank & Anna Joubin-Bret eds.).
Reisman, W. Michael (2011), International Investment Arbitration and ADR: Married but Best Living Apart, in INVESTOR-STATE DISPUTES: PREVENTION AND ALTERNATIVES TO ARBITRATION 22 (UNCTAD).
Salacuse, J.W. (2005), BIT by BIT: The Growth of Bilateral Investment Treaties and their Impact on Foreign Investment in Developing Countries, in THE INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY OF ESSAYS ON GLOBALIZATION AND LAW: GLOBALIZATION AND INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT 25 (Fiona Beveridge ed.).
Tung, Chen-Yuan (2004), The Impact on Taiwan, in THE GLOBALIZATION OF THE CHINESE ECONOMY202 (Shang-Jin Wei et al.).
CONFERENCE PAPERS/WORKING PAPERS
Read, Robert (2002), Foreign Direct Investment & the Growth of Taiwan and Korea, presented at the IBRG FDI: Country Case Studies Conference (September 13-14, 2002).
Voss, Hinrich, Buckley, P.J. and A.R. Cross (2008), Thirty Years of Chinese Outward Foreign Direct Investment, presented at CEA (UK) conference: Three Decades of Economic Reform (1978-2008) (April 1-2 , 2008).
Schill, Stephan W. (2007), Tearing Down the Great Wall – The New Generation Investment Treaties of the People’s Republic of China (bepress Legal Series, Working Paper 1928, Janaury 9, 2007).
Berger, Axel (2008) China and the Global Governance of Foreign Direct Investment: The Emerging Liberal Bilateral Investment Treaty Approach (German Development Institute, Discussion Paper 10/2008).
Berger, Axel (2008), China’s New Bilateral Investment Treaty Programme: Substance, Rational and Implications for International Investment Law Making, presented at The Political of International Economic Law: The Nest Four Years (November 14-15, 2008).
CASES
Alps Finance and Trade AG v. The Slovak Republic, Award, Mar. 5, 2011 (UNCITRAL).
Auguas del Tunari SA v Republic of Bolivia (Jurisdiction) (2005) ICSID Rev-FILJ.
ICSID Case No. ARB/77/2, Award, Aug. 8, 1989.
Waste Management v. Mexico, Award, Apr. 30, 2004, 43 ILM 967 (2004).
STATUTE
Act Governing Relations Between Peoples of the Taiwan Area and China Area (promulgated on July 31, 1992).
Law of the People’s Republic of China On the Protection of Investment of Taiwan Compatriots (adopted at the Sixth Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Eighth National People''s Congress on March 5, 1994, promulgated by Order No.20 of the President of the People’s Republic of China the same date).
Rules for Implementation of The Protection of Investments by Taiwan Compatriots (promulgated on December 5, 1999).
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1155 U.N.T.S. 331 (1969).
RULES
CIETAC Arbitration Rules (1988).
CIETAC Arbitration Rules (2012).
IBA Rules for Investor-State Mediation (2012).
TREATIES
Agreement between the India Taipei Association in Taipei and the Taipei Economic and Cultural Center in New Delhi on the Promotion and Protection of Investments
Agreement Between Japan and the People’s Republic of China Concerning the Encouragement and Reciprocal Protection of Investment (entered into force May 14, 1989), U.N.T.S. 197.
Agreement Between the China and Denmark concerning the Encouragement and Reciprocal Protection of Investments (December 4, 1986).
Agreement Between the Government of Barbados and the Government of the People’s Republic of China for the Promotion and Protection of Investment, July 20, 1998.
Agreement between the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic and the Swiss Confederation on the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments.
Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the People’s Republic of China on the Reciprocal Encouragement and Protection of Investments (July 11, 1988).
Agreement Between the Government of the P.R.C. and the Government of the Kingdom of Norway on the Mutual Protection of Investment (November 21, 1984).
Agreement Between the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of the Republic on the Promotion and Protection of Investment (November 21, 1985).
Agreement Between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Egypt for the Promotion and Protection of Investments (June 11, 1975), 1032 UNTS 32.
Argentina-U.S. BIT (November 14, 1991) (entered into force October 20, 1994).
France-Argentina BIT (in France) (July 3, 1993) (entered into force March 3, 1993).
Italy-Jamaica BIT 1995 (September 29, 1993) (entered into force November 9, 1995).
Treaty for the Promotion and Protection of Investments, with Protocol and Exchange Notes Between Germany and Pakistan (adopted November 25 1959, entered into force April 28, 1962), UNTS23; 1961 BGB1 II 793.
Energy Charter Treaty.
North American Free Trade Agreement (December 17, 1992) (entered into force January 1, 1994), CTS 1994 No 2; (1993) 32 ILM 612.
Sri Lanka Model BIT.
Turkey Model BIT 2000.
U.K. Model BIT 1991.
U.K. Model BIT 2005 (with 2006 Amendments).
U.S. Model BIT 2012.
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