臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究針對台中都會區(烏日)以及台中港區(沙鹿)進行大氣中懸浮微粒及其水溶性離子(NO3-、NH4+、SO42-、Na+、Cl-、K+、Mg2+、及Ca2+ 等)組成分析，藉由逐時量測探討在鋒面影響以及非鋒面影響下的氣膠特性。台中地區大氣二次氣膠在粒狀物質量組成中佔有相當顯著的比例，為改善台中地區的空氣品質，對於二次氣膠的逐時濃度、化學組成、前驅氣體的影響與大氣傳輸有其更深入分析的必要性，以提供正確空氣品質改善策略的探討。
採樣期間污染事件類型依天氣型態可區分為鋒面影響以及非鋒面影響。在鋒面影響下，當來源為沙塵時，此時地殼元素Ca2+ 濃度將較非鋒面影響時高出許多；當來源為乾淨的海洋氣團，大氣氣膠組成中的海鹽氣膠水溶性離子成分，如:Cl-，較背景日時高出許多。非鋒面影響時發生的污染型態，其污染物濃度峰值大多發生在氣相污染物高值後，係因氣相前驅物經由反應而形成二次衍生污染物，其水溶性離子NO3-、SO42-、NH4+佔總離子濃度百分比較背景日增加許多。尤其當光化反應顯著時，利用高時間解析的量測系統(In-situ IC)可發現，每日O3濃度最大值與當時對應的NO3-濃度有相當好的正相關性，顯示當光化反應顯著時氣膠中NO3-濃度所佔總離子濃度比例突增，因而導致高 PM10 事件發生。
在非鋒面影響的污染型態時，此時台灣氣象場受東風影響，由於台中位處於中央山脈西側的靜風處，此時此時台中地區多屬晴朗的天氣，光化反應極易發生，且台中地區本地污染物容易造成累積，只能藉由海陸風傳輸擴散。由Regional climate change modeling發現都會區與港區具有上下風對應位置關係，在日間港區的氣相污染物藉由海風傳輸至都會區而影響都會區的空氣品質；在夜間都會區的氣相污染物藉由陸風傳輸至港區而影響港區的空氣品質。

第一章 前言與動機..................................................................................1
1-1 研究緣起.........................................................................................1
1-2 研究目的.........................................................................................3
第二章 文獻回顧......................................................................................4
2-1氣膠之定義及重要性.......................................................................4
2-2大氣氣膠的化學組成.......................................................................6
2-3二次衍生性氣膠之形成機制及來源...............................................8
2-4不同季節二次衍生性氣膠的分布特性.........................................12
2-5半連續性採樣技術應用.................................................................13
第三章 研究方法....................................................................................16
3-1研究架構.........................................................................................16
3-2 採樣地點及時間...........................................................................18
3-3 採樣方法.......................................................................................20
3-4 氣象場模擬與統計方法...............................................................22
3-5 採樣程序.......................................................................................25
第四章 結果與討論................................................................................26
4.1天氣型態.........................................................................................29
4.2鋒面影響的污染型態.....................................................................41
4.3非鋒面影響的污染型態.................................................................45
4.4非鋒面影響時大氣傳輸現象.........................................................56
4.4.1兩季節氣項條件特性與兩季節空氣污染物特性統計方法....................................................................................................59
4.4.2兩季節氣項條件特性與兩季節空氣污染物特性分析探討....................................................................................................62
4.4.3非鋒面影響時大氣傳輸現象...............................................66
第五章 結論與建議................................................................................72
5-1 結論...................................................................................................72
5-2 建議...................................................................................................74
參考文獻..................................................................................................75

表目錄
表 4-1 採樣期間沙鹿測站平均水溶性離子濃度與空品測站監測值..............................................................................................................27
表 4-2 採樣期間烏日測站平均水溶性離子濃度與空品測站監測值..............................................................................................................27
表 4-3 各地區氣膠中水溶性離子成分佔 PM10 百分比.....................28

表 4.1 影響台灣中部空氣品質之天氣型態代號.................................29
表4.4.2-1 Wilcoxon Two-Sample Test 檢定烏日兩季節在非鋒面影響污染型態下海陸風向差異......................................................................62
表 4.4.2-2 利用Pearson Correlation Coefficients 檢定烏日兩季節在非鋒面影響污染型態下的風速、溫度、相對濕度的相關性.......................63
表4.4.2-3 利用 Pearson Correlation Coefficients 檢定烏日兩季節在非鋒面影響污染型態下空氣污染物的相關性...........................................63

圖目錄
圖 2.3-1 二次衍生氣膠生成簡圖............................................................8
圖 3.1-1 研究架構圖..............................................................................17
圖 3.2-1 台中地理環境位置地型圖......................................................19
圖 3.3-1 現地採樣系統In-situ IC 簡圖................................................21
圖 3.4-1 統計方法分析流程圖……………..........................................24
圖 4.1-1 影響台灣中部空氣品質的天氣型態發生頻率.......................29
圖4.1-2春季在非鋒面影響污染型態下-沙鹿( a ) 日間氣象場圖 ( b ) 夜間氣象場圖..........................................................................................33
圖4.1-3秋季在非鋒面影響污染型態下-烏日( a ) 日間氣象場圖 ( b ) 夜間氣象場圖.......... ...............,......................... .....................................34
圖4.1-4沙鹿量測期間在非鋒面影響污染型態下( a )風速、風向 ( b )相對溼度、溫度逐時變化........................................................................35
圖4.1-5烏日量測期間在非鋒面影響污染型態下( a )風速、風向 ( b )相對溼度、溫度逐時變化........................................................................36
圖 4.1-6 鋒面影響的污染型態下( a ) 日間氣象場圖 ( b ) 夜間氣象場圖..........................................................................................................37
圖4.1-7 鋒面影響的污染型態下-沙塵暴( a )氣象場圖 ( b )逆軌跡圖………………......................................................................................38
圖4.1-8鋒面影響的污染型態下-海洋氣團( a )氣象場圖 ( b )逆軌跡圖..............................................................................................................39
圖4.1-9沙鹿在量測期間鋒面影響的污染型態下( a )風速、風向 ( b )相對溼度、溫度逐時變化........................................................................40
圖4.2-1沙鹿在鋒面影響的污染型態下粗細粒徑氣膠質量濃度、氣相污染物濃度的逐時變化..........................................................................43
圖4.2-2沙鹿在鋒面影響的污染型態下氣膠水溶性離子濃度逐時變化..............................................................................................................44
圖4.3-1 沙鹿採樣期間在非鋒面影響污染型態下的氣相污染物濃度、粗細粒徑氣膠質量濃度的逐時變化…………………....................48
圖4.3-2 沙鹿採樣期間在非鋒面影響污染型態下PM10 氣膠水溶性離子濃度的逐時變化..................................................................................49
圖4.3-3 沙鹿採樣期間在非鋒面影響污染型態下每日臭氧最大值與當時對應的NO3- 濃度............................................................................50
圖4.3-4烏日採樣期間在非鋒面影響污染型態下氣相污染物濃度、粗細粒徑氣膠質量濃度的逐時變化..........................................................53
圖4.3-5烏日採樣期間在非鋒面影響污染型態下PM10 氣膠水溶性離子濃度的逐時變化..................................................................................54
圖4.3-6 烏日採樣期間在非鋒面影響污染型態下每日臭氧最大值與當時對應的NO3- 濃度.........................................................................55
圖 4.4-1利用細刻度氣象場模擬在非鋒面影響污染型態下沙鹿與烏日地區八小時來源逆軌跡( a )五月份 ( b )十一月...............................58
圖4.4.1-1春季與秋季氣象場只受海陸風主導的天氣型態下污染物特性統計比較流程圖……..........................................................................61
圖4.4.2-2 CO每日小時平均值於春季與秋季0~3小時的延遲Time lag相關性......................................................................................................64
圖4.4.2-3 NO2每日小時平均值於春季與秋季0~3小時的延遲Time lag相關性…………………..........................................................................64
圖4.4.2-4 PM10每日小時平均值於春季與秋季0~3小時的延遲Time lag相關性……………….........................................................................65
圖4.4.3-1 ( a )沙鹿 及 ( b )烏日 採樣期間在非鋒面影響污染型態下的粗細粒徑氣膠質量濃度逐時平均變化..............................................68
圖4.4.3-2 ( a )沙鹿 及 ( b )烏日採樣期間在非鋒面影響污染型態下的氣相污染物濃度逐時平均變化..............................................................69
圖4.4.3-3 (a)沙鹿 及 (b)烏日 採樣期間在非鋒面影響污染型態下的PM10氣膠水溶性離子濃度逐時平均變化.............................................70
圖4.4.3-4 (a)沙鹿 及 (b)烏日 採樣期間在非鋒面影響污染型態下的PM10氣膠水溶性離子濃度逐時平均變化.............................................71

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