一、 中文部分
王基豐、黃煌鏞、葉雅馨 (1987)。公共場所青少吸煙現況調查─以台北市速食餐飲店青少年消費者為例。台北:財團法人董氏基金會。
行政院衛生署 (2000)。國民保健三年計劃。行政院衛生署。2006年3月10日,取自 http://www.doh.gov.tw/org2/b1/plan/hp3yr_index_main.htm
行政院衛生署 (2006)。「93年國中生吸菸行為調查」。行政院衛生署。2006年6月2日,取自摘自http://www.doh.gov.tw/cht/index.aspx
行政院衛生署、中華民國胸腔協會、中華民國家庭醫學醫學會聯合聲明 (1994)。台灣地區拒煙宣言。中華衛誌,13(6),532-534。
江睿霞 (1994)。父親婚姻衝突對兒童生活適應影響。政治大學教育研究所。
余坤煌 (1992)。價值澄清教學活動對國小學童吸煙知識、態度和吸煙決定影響之研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。余坤煌 (1994)。 由青少年吸煙行為探討吸煙教育計劃。研習資訊,11(6),52-60。余博文 (2003) 國中學生偏差行為輔導與管教成效之研究---以嘉義縣國民中為例,國立中正大學犯罪防治研究所碩士論文。
吳明燁 (1999)。父母與同儕對青少年抽煙與飲酒行為之影響。台灣社會問題研究學術研討會。
吳明燁 (1999)。近朱者赤,近墨指黑?青少年同儕團體的行程與影響。東吳社會學報。8,1-33。吳翠珍(2003) 香菸、媒體與健康,Media Literacy Bimonthly,1,1。
李景美 (1992)。如何說「不」-談拒絕技巧在學校藥物濫用預防教育之應用。教師天地。51,48-53。周愫嫻 (2003) 社會階級與少年偏差行為關係,台灣與國際長期追蹤資料庫北區工作坊,54-72。(初稿)
周碧瑟 (1994-1999) 青少年用藥盛行率與危險因子之探討,行政院衛生署委託研究計畫報告,計畫編號:DOH8601。
周碧瑟 (1997)。台灣地區在校青少年藥物濫用盛行率與危險因子的探討。學生輔導通訊,50,34-41。周碧瑟、賴明芸、吳碧儀 (1993)。青少年用藥盛行率與危險因子之探討。台北:國立陽明大學公共衛生學研究所。
周曉虹、李姚軍譯 (Mead, Margarete) (1990)。 薩摩亞人的成年。 台北:遠流出版社。
林文瑛、王震武 (1995) 中國父母的教養觀------嚴教觀或打罵觀? 本土心理學,3,2-92。
林月珍 (2001) 家庭背景、同儕團體與嚼食檳榔消費行為之研究------以台南地區高職補校男學生為例,國立中正大學國際經濟研究所碩士論文。
林生傳 (1997) 社會階級的評定,教育社會學:48-49。
林家興 (1997) 高危險群父母與親職教育,親職教育的原理與實務:137-148。
姜逸群、黃雅文 (1999) 國中生飲酒者與為飲酒者在生活狀況之比較研究,衛生教育學報:17-31。
姜廣茂 (2003) 影響台灣地區役男入伍前嚼(戒)檳榔之知識、態度與行為之環境因素探討,國防醫學院公共衛生學研究所碩士論文。
馬藹屏 (1990)。台北市國中學生之吸煙行為與其家庭因素、友伴關係調查研究。台北:財團法人董氏基金會。
張春興、林清山 (2000)。教育心理學。台北:東華書局。
黃淑貞 (1982)。國中學生開始抽煙之誘因及其仿效對象之研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。黃德祥 (1991)。犯罪青少年刺激尋求與社會技巧之分析研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導學報,14,51-92。黃德祥 (1993)。青少年抽煙行為之調查:以一所高職為例。彰化師範大學學報,4,67-109。
黃德祥 (1999)。青少年發展與輔導。台北:五南。
黃璉華、左如梅、尹祚芊、楊瑞珍、黃子庭 (1996)。 國民中學學生吸煙知識、態度與行為之探討。護理雜誌,43(2),35-45。
楊士隆 (1997)。台灣地區青少年吸食安非他命問題與對策。八十六年度犯罪問題研究研討會論文集,203-210,法務部犯罪研究中心。
楊國樞、林烘煜 (1996) 中國人角色規範行為之探討(未發表的研究資料)。
楊國賜 (2000) 跨世紀家庭教育的時代意義, 家庭教育課程規畫與方案推展國際研討會: 1-8。
熊少嚴、李國霖 (2001) 經濟轉型與教育改革對單親家庭教育的影響, 兩岸家庭教育學術研討會實錄: 40。
劉美媛、周碧瑟 (2000) 臺灣地區在校青少年嚼檳榔的流行病學研究,中華公共衛生雜誌,19(1):42-49。
劉蓉果 (1998)。子女知覺父母婚姻衝突對其適應發展的影響,臺灣大家心理研究所。謝茂松 (1993)。 國中學生吸煙行為之研究。現代教育,29,115-122。嚴道、黃松元、馬藹屏、楊美雪、周曉慧 (1996)。台北市國中學生之吸煙行為與其心理特質調查研究。台北:財團法人董氏基金會。
二、 外文部分
Adalbjarnardottir S. & Hafsteinsson L. G. (2001). Adolescents’ perceived parenting modes and their substance use: Concurrent and Longitudinal Analyses.Journal of research on adolescence, 11(4), 401-423.
Adamczyk-Robinette S.L., Fletcher A.C. & Wright K. (2002). Understanding the authoritative parenting – early adolescent tobacco use link: The mediating role ofpeer tobacco use. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31(4), 311-138.
Adler, A. (1930). The patten of life. New York: J. J. Little & Ives.
Adler, A. (1958). What life should mean to you. New York: Ork.
Adrados J. L., (1995). The influence of the family,school and peers on adolescent drug misuse. International Journal of Addiction 30,1407-1723.
Akers, R. L. (1977). Deviant behavior. A social learning approach . Belmont: Wadsworth.
Akers, R. L. (1998). Social Learning and Social Structure: A General Theory of Crime and Deviance. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press.
Alexander, A., Cheryl, S. (1999). Taking a first puff:cigarette smoking experiences among ethnically diverse adolescents. Ethnicity & Health, 4,245-257.
Andrews, J. A., Hops, H., Ary, D., Lichtenstein, E. & Tildesley, E. (1991). The Construction, Validation and Use of a Guttman Scale of Adolescent Substance Use: an Investigation of Family Relationships. The Journal of Drug Issues 21:557-572.
Aultman, M. G. (1979). Delinquency causation: a typological comparison of path models. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 70: 152-163.
Avenevoli, S. & Merikangas, K.R. (2003). Familial influences on adolescent smoking. Addiction, 98 (Supplement 1), 1-20
Bailey, S. L. (1992). Adolescents’multisubstance use patterns:the role of heavy alcohol and cigarette use. American Journal of Public Health 82,1220-1224.
Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Barmes, G. M. (1984). Adolescent Alcohol Abuse and Other Problem Behaviors: Their Relationships and Common Parental Influences. Journa of Youth and Adolescence 13: 329-348.
Barnes, G. M., Farrell, M. P. & Cairns, A. (1986). Parental Socialization Factors and Adolescent Drinking Behaviors. Journal of Marriage and the Family 48: 27-36.
Barnes, G. M., Reifman, A. S., Farrell, M.P., Uhteg, L., & Dintcheff, B. A. (1994). Longitudinal effects of parenting on alcohol misuse among adolescents. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 18, 507.
Barnes, G. M., Reifman, A.S., Farrell M. P. & Dintcheff, B.A. (2000). The Effects of Parenting on the Development of Adolescent Alcohol Misuse: A Six-Wave Latent Growth Model. Journal of Marriage & Family, 62 (1): p175-187.
Bauman, K. E., Foshee, V. A., Ennett, S. T., Pemberton, M., Hicks, K. A., King, Tt. S., & Koch, G. G. (2001). The influence of a family program on adolescent tobacco and alcohol use. American Journal of Public Health, 4,604-610.
Baumrind, D. (1989). Rearing competent children. In W. Damon (Ed.), Child Development today and tomorrow (pp. 349-378). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11: 56-95.
Belsky, J., Steinberg, L., & Draper, P. (1991). Childhood experience, interpersonal development, and reproductive strategy: An evolutionary theory of socialization.
Berndt, T. J. (1979). Developmental changes in conformity to peers and parents. Developmental Psychology, 15, 606-616.
Biglan, A., Duncan, T. E., Ary, D. V. & Smolkowski, K. (1995). Peer and parental influences on adolescent tobacco use. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 18: 315-330.
Bogenschneider, K., Wu, M., Raffaelli, M. & Tsay, J. C. (1998).Other Teens Drink, but not my Kid. Journal of Marriage and the Family 60:356-373.
Boisvert, J.- M. & Ledouceur, R. (1995). Marital Quality: A Review of the seventies.Journal of marriage and the family, 42: 825.
Botvin, G. J., Botvin, E. M., Baker, E., Dusenbury, L. & Goldberg, C. J. (1992). The false consensus effect: Predicting adolescents’ tobacco use from normative expectation. Psychological Reports, 70: 171-178.
Brealau, N. (1995). Psychiatric comorbidity of smoking and nicotine dependency. Beahavior Geneticcs 25,95-101.
Brown, R. C., Lewinsohn, P. M., Seely, J.R., & Wagner, E. F. (1996). Cigarette smoking, major depression, and other psychiatric disorders among adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 35,1602-1610.
Buri, J. R. (1989). Self-esteem and appraisals of parental behavior. Journal of Adolescent Research, 4: 33-49.
Bynum, J. E. & Thompson, W. E. (1996). Juvenile Delinquency: A Sociological Approach (3th eds ). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (1998). Tobocco use among high school students-United States, 1997. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 47,229-233.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2000). Youth risk behavior surveillance-United States, 1999. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 49,1-89.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006). Youth risk behavior surveillance-United States, 1999. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 54;1124-1127.
Chao, R. K. (1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding: Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child
Chao, R. K. (2000) The parenting of immigrant Chinese and European American mothers: Relations between parenting modes, socialization goals, and parental practices. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 21: 233-248.
Chassin, L., Presson. C. C., Montello, D., Sherman, S. J. & McGrew, J. (1986). Changes in peer and parent influence during adolescence: Longitudinal versus cross-sectional perspectives on smoking initiation. Developmental Psychology, 22: 324-334.
Chassin, L., Presson. C., Sherman, S., Corty, E. & Olshavsky, R. (1984). Predicting the onset of cigarette smoking in adolescents: a longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 14: 224-243.Child Deveolpment, 62: 647-670.
Chiu, L. H. (1987). Child-rearing attitudes of Chinese, Chinese- American, and Anglo-American mothers. Journal of Social Psychology, 128: 411-413.
Cohen, D. A., Richardson, J. & LaBree, L. (1994). Parenting behaviors and the onset of smoking and alcohol use: a longitudinal study. Pediatrics, 94: 368-375.
Cohen, J. (1977). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (revised edition). New York: Academic Press.
Colby, S. M., Tiffany, S. T., Shiffman, S., & Niaura, R. S. (2000). Are adolescent smokers dependent on nicotine ? Areview of the evidence . Drug and Alocohol Dependence, 59,83-95.
Conger, R. (1976). Social control and social learning models of delinquency: a synthesis. Criminology, 14 (1): 17-40.
Conger, R. D. & Reuter, M. A. (1996). Siblings, Parents, and Peers: A Longitudinal Study of Social Influences in Adolescent Risk for Alcohol Use and Abuse. Advances in Applied Developmental Psychology, 10: 1-30.
Connolly, G. M., Casswell, S., Stewart, J. & Silva, P. A. (1992). Drinking context and other influences on the drinking of 15-year-old New Zealanders. British Journal of Addiction, 87 (7): 1029-1036.
Conrad, K. M., Flay, B. R. & Hill, D. (1992). Why children start smoking cigarettes: Predictors of onset. British Journal of Addiction, 87: 1711-1724.
Darling, N. & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113: 487-496.
Darling, N. (2001). ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood education, Champaign, IL.
Deutch, M., & Gerald, H. B. (1955). A study of normative and informational social influence upon individual judgement. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51,629-636.
Deutsch M. & Gerard, H. G. (1955). A Study of normative and informational social influence upon individual judgment. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 51: 629-636.
DeVries, H., Backbier, E., Kok, G. & Dijkstra, M.(1995). The impact of social influence in the context of attitude, self-efficacy, intention and previous behavior as predictors of smoking onset. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 25: 237-257.
Dickson, Amy. (2000). Smoke Screen. Time, 155, 92-92.
Morrison, D. R. & Coiro, M. J. (1999). Parental Conflict and Marital Disruption: Do Children Benefit When High-Conflict Marriage Are Dissolved, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61:1123-1143.
Dorbush, S. M., Erickson, K. G., Laird, J., & Wong, C.A. (2001). The relation of family and school attachment to adolescent deviance in diverse groups and communities. Journal of Adolescent Research, 16:396-422.
Dornbusch, S. M., Ritter, P. L., Leiderman, P. O., Roberts, D. F. & Fraleigh, M. J. (1987). The relation of parenting style to adolescent school performance. Child Development, 58: 1244-1257.
Duncan, T. E., Tildesley, E., Duncan, S. C. & Hops, H. (1995). The consistency of family and peer influences on the development of substance use in adolescence. Addiction, 90, 1647-1660.
Durbin, D. D., Darling, N., Steinberg, L. & Brown, B.B. (1993). Parenting style and peer group orientation among European-American adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 3: 87-100.
Dusek, J. B., (1987). Adolescent development and behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Eiser J. R., Morgan, M., Gammage, P. & Gary, E. (1989). Adolescent smoking: attitudes, norms and parental influence. British Journal of Social Psychology. 28: 193-202.
Eiser, J. R. & Stroebe, W. (1972). Categorization and Social Judgement. Academic Press, London.
Elder, G. H., Liker, J. K. & Cross, C. E. (1984). Paren-child behavior in the Great Depression: Life course and intergenerational influences. Life Span Dev. Behav. 6: 109-158.
Elliott, D. S., Huizinga, D. & Ageton, S. S. (1985). Explaining Delinquency and Drug Use. Sage, Beverly Hills, CA.
Elliott, D. S., Huizinga, D., & Ageton, S. D. (1985). Explaining delinquency and drug use. Beverly Hills: Sage.
Ennett, S. T. & Bauman, K. E. (1994). The contribution of influence and selection to adolescent peer group homogeneity: The case of adolescent cigarette smoking. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 67: 653-663.
Ennett, S. T., Bauman, K. E., Foshee, V. A., Pemberton, M., & Hicks, K. A. (2001). Parent-child communication about adolescent tobacco and alcohol use: What do parents say and does it affect youth behavior ? Journal of Marriage and the Family, 63, 48-62.
Erickson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
Escobedo, L. G., Reddy, M., & Giovino, G. A. (1998). The relationship between depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking in US adolescents. Addiction, 93, 433-440.
Evans, R. I., Dratt, L. M., Raines, B. E. & Rosenberg, S. S. (1988). Social influences on smoking initiation: Importance of distinguishing descriptive versus mediating process variables. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 18: 925-943.
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Hum. Relat. 7: 117-140.
Flay, B. R., Hu, F. B., Siddiqui, O., Day, L. E., Hedeker, D., Petraitis, J., Richardson, J. & Sussman, S. (1994). Differential influence of parental smoking and friends’smoking on adolescent initiation and escalation of smoking. Journal of Health Social Behavior, 35, 248-265.
Flay, B. R., Hu, F.B., & Richardson, J. (1998). Psychosocial predicators of different stages of cigarette smoking among high school student, Preventive Medicine, 27,9-18.
Forster, J. L., Wolfson, M., Murray, D. M., Wagenaar, A. C., & Claxton, A. J. (1997).Perceived and measured availability of tobacco to youth in 14 Minnesota communities: the TPOP study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 13,167-174.
Foshee, V. & Bauman, K. E. (1992). Parental and peer characteristics as modifiers of the bond-behavior relationship: an clab-oration of control theory. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 33: 66-76.
Free, M. D. (1993). Stages of Drug Use: A Social Control Perspective. Youth and Society 25: 251-271.
French J. R. & Raven, B. (1959). The basis of social power. In Cartwright, D. (ed.), Studies in Social Power. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, pp. 150-167.
Friedman, L. S., Lichtenstein, E. & Biglan, A. (1985). Smoking onset among teens: an empirical analysis of initial situations. Addictive Behavior, 10: 1-13.
Fuligni, A. J. & Eccles, J. S. (1993). Perceived parent-child relationships and early adolescents’ orientation towards peers. Developmental Psychology, 29: 622-632.
Garnier H. E. & Stein J. A. (2002). An 18-year model of family and peer effects on adolescent drug use and delinquency. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31(1): 45-56.
Harris, J. R. (1995). Where is the child’s environment? Agroup socialization theory of development. Psychological Review 102: 458-489.
Hawkins, J. D., & Weis, J. G. (1985). The social development model: An integrated approach to delinquency prevention. Journal of Primary Prevention 6,73-77.
Hindelang, M. J. (1973). Causes of delinquency: a partial replication and extension. Social Problems, 21: 471-487.
Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of Delinquency. Los Angeles. CA: University of California Press.
Hirschman, R. S., Leventhal, H. & Glynn, K. (1984). The development of smoking behavior: Conceptualization and supportive cross-sectional survey data. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 14: 184-206.
Hoffman, A. S., & Greydanus, D. E. (1997). Adolescent medicine. Stanford, Co: Appleton & Lange.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences : International differences in work-related values. Berverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Hofstede, G. (1983). Dimensions of national cultures in fifty countries and three regions. In J. Deregowski, S. Dzuirawiec, & R. Annies (Eds).
Hollingshead, A. B. (1987). Four Factor Index of Social Position. Yale University, Department of Sociology. New Haven, CT.
Hu, F. B., Flay, B. R., Hedeker, D., Siddiqui, O. & Day, L. E. (1995). The influence of friends’ and parental smoking on adolescent smoking behavior: the effects of time and prior smoking. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25: 2018-2047.
Huang, L. H., Tso, Z. M., Yin, J. C., Young, R. J., & Huang, T. T. (1996). Tobacco smoking behavior among junior high school students. The Journal of Nursing, 43,35-46.
Huang, S. Y. (1988). Smoking intention of high school students in Taipei City. Taipei, Taiwan:Wen-Gin.
Huang, S. Y., Yu, Y. M., Chiang, Y. S., Chen, C. Y., Lai, H. R. & Ho, R. C. (1991). A study on the prevalence of smoking behavior among adolescents in Taiwan, Repulic of China. Bulletin of Health Education, 5,45-66.
Huey-Shys, Chen. (2001). Cigarette: a growing problem for Taiwan adolescents. Journal of Commutinity Health Nursing 18,167-175.
Jaffe, M. L. (1998). Adolescence. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Jessor, R. (1991). Risk behavior in adolescent: A psychological framework for understanding and action. Journal of Adolescent Health Care, 12, 597-605.
Jessor, R., & Jessor, S. L. (1977) Problem behavior and psychosocial development: A longitudinal study of youth. New York: Acamic Press.
Jessor, R., Jessor, S. I., & Costa, F. M. (1991). Beyond adolescence: Problem behavior and young adult development. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Johnson, R. (1987). Mother’s versus father’s role in causing delinquency. Adolescence, 22 (86): 305-315.
Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., & Bachman, J. G., (2000). The Monitoring the Future national survey results on adolescent drug use: Overview of key findings, 1999 (NIH Publication No. 00-4690). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Joun, H. S., Shin, Y., & Nasu, J. J. (1995). Cigarette smoking among Korean adolescents: prevalence and correlates. Adolescent 30,631-642.
Kandel, D. B. & Andrews, K. (1987). Processes of adolescent socialization by parents and peers. International Journal of the Additions, 22: 319-342.
Kandel, D. B. & Wu, P. (1995). The contribution of mothers and fathers to the intergenerational transmission of cigarette smoking in adolescence. J. Res. Adolesc. 5: 225-252.
Kandel, D. B. (1980). Drug and drinking behavior among youth. Annual Review of Sociology, 6, 235-285.
Kandel, D. B., & Davies, M. (1992). Progression to regular marijuana involvement: Phenomenology and risk factors for near-daily use. Vulnerability to drug abuse, ( pp. 211-253). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Kaplan, H. B. (1975). Self-attitudes and deviant behavior. Pacific Palisades, CA: Goodyear.
Kazura, A. MD & Fritz, G. K. MD (2002). Child and adolescent tobacco use. The Brown University Child and Adolescent Behavior Letter, 18(1): 8.
Kobus K. (2003). Peers and adolescent smoking. Addition, 98(1): 37-55.
Kriger, S. F. & Kroes, W. H. (1972). Child-rearing attitudes of Chinese, Jewish, and Protestant mothers. Journal of Social Psychology, 86: 205-210.
Krohn, M.D., Massey, J. L. & Zielinski, M. A. (1988). Role overlap, network multiplexity, and adolescent deviant behavior. Social Psychology Quarterly, 51:346-356.
Lamborn, S., Mounts, N., Steinberg, L. & Dornbusch, S. (1991). Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Development, 62: 1049-1065.
Lee, L. L., Gilpin, E. A., & Pierce, J. P. (1993). Changes in the patterns of initiation of cigarette smoking in the United States:1950, 1965, and 1980. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 2,593-597.
Lin, C. C. & Fu, V. R. (1990). A comparison of child-rearing practices among Chinese, immigrant Chinese, and Caucasian-American parents. Child Development, 61:429-433.
Linden, E. & Hackler J. C. (1973). Affective ties and delinquency. Pacific Sociological Review, 16 (1): 27-47.
Lloyd-Richardson, E. E., Papandonatos, G., Kazura, A., Stanton, C., & Niaura, C. (2002). Differentiating stages of smoking intensity among adolescents: stage-specific psychological and social influences. Journal of Consulting and Psychology, 70, 40,998-1009.
Lucas, K. & Lloyd, B. (1999). Starting smoking: girls’ explanations of the influence of peers. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 647-655.
Maccoby, E. E. & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of family: Parent-child interaction. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.) & E. M. Hetherington (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of Child Psychology: vol. 4. Socialization, Personality, and social
Malkin, S. A., & Allen, D. L. (1980). Differential characteristics of adolescent smokers and non-smokers. Journal of Family Practice 10,437-440.
Mathur, M. & Dodder R. A. (1985). Delinquency and the attachment bond in Hirschi’s control theory. Free Inquiry Into Creative Sociology, 13 (1): 99-103.
Maxwell, K. A. (2002). Friends: The Role of Peer Influence Across Adolescent Risk Behaviors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31: 267-277.
McCord, J. (1990). Problem Behaviors. (pp. 414-430). In S. S. Feldman & G. R. Elliott (eds.) At the Threshoold: The developing Adolescent. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Melby, J. N., Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J. & Lorenz, F. O. (1993). Effects of parental behavior on tobacco use by young male adolescents. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55: 439-454.
Michell, L. & Amos, A. (1997). Girls, pecking order and smoking. Social Science and Medicine, 44: 1861-1869.
Michell, L. (1997). Loud, sad or bad: young people’s perceptions of peer groups and smoking. Health Education Research, 12: 1-14.
Miller, N. B., Cowan, P. A. Cowan, C. P. & Hetherington, E. M. (1993). Externalizing in preschoolers and early adolescent: A cross-study replication of a family model. Developmental Psychology, 29 (1): 3-18. EJ 461 700.
Miller, T. Q., & Volk, R. J. (2002). Family relationships and adolescent cigarette smoking: results from a national longitudinal survey. Journal of Drug, 32,945-972.
Mittlemark, M. B., Murray, D. M., Luepker, R. V., Pechacek & Pirie, T. F. (1987). Predicting experimentation with cigarettes: The childhood antecedents of smoking study. Am. J. Public Health 77: 206-208.
Muuss, R. E. (1988). Theories of adolescence (5th ed.). New York: Random House. Nagelkerke, N. J. D. (1991). A note on a general definition of the coefficient of determination. Biometrika, 78, 691-692.
Nichter, M., Nichter, M., Vuckovic, N., Quintero, G. & Ritenbaugh, C. (1997). Smoking experimentation and initiation among adolescent girls: qualitative and quantitative findings. Tobacco Control, 6: 285-295.
Norman, N. M. & Tedeschi, J. T. (1989). Self-presentation, reasoned action and adolescents’ decision to smoke cigarettes. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 19: 543-558.
O’Loughlin, J., Paradis, G., Renaud, L. & Comez, L. S. (1998). One-year predictors of smoking initiation and of continued smoking among elementary school children in multiethnic, low-income, inner-city neighborhoods. Tobacco Control, 7: 268-275.
Oetting, E. R. & Beauvais, F. (1987). Peer cluster theory, socialization characteristics, and adolescent drug use: a path analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34: 205-213.
Oetting, E. R. & Donnermeyer, J. (1998). Primary Socialization Theory: the etiology of drug use and deviance. Substance Use and Misuse. 33: 995-1026.
Oetting, E. R., Deffenbacher, J. L. & Donnermeyer, J. F. (1998). Primary Socialization Theory. The role played by personal trait in the etiology of drug use and deviance. Substance Use and Misuse. 33: 1337-1366.
Olds, R. S. & Thombs, D. L. (2001). The relationship of adolescent perceptions of peer norms and parent involvement to cigarette and alcohol use.Jounal of School Health, 71, 6,223-228.
Pierce, J. P., Distefan, J. M., Jackson, C. White, M. M. & Gilpin, E. A. (2002). Study Links Smoking ads and parenting style. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 23(2): 73-81.
Presti, D. E., Ary, D. V., & Lichtenstein, E. (1992). The context of smoking initiation and maintenance: findings from interviewers with youth. Journal of Substance Abuse, 4,35-45.
Prince, F. (1995). The relative effectiveness of a peer-led and adult-led smoking intervention program. Adolescent, 30,187-194.
Proescholdbell, R. J., Chassin, L., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2000) Home smoking restrictions and adolescent smoking. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2,159-167.
Rose, J. S., Chassin, L., Presson, C. C. & Sherman, S. J. (1999). Peer influences on adolescent cigarette smoking: a prospective sibling analysis. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 45: 62-84.
Rosenthal, D. A. & Feldman, S. S. (1990). The acculturation of Chinese immigrants: Perceived effects on family functioning of length of residence in two cultural contexts. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 151: 495-514.
Sargent, J. D., &Dalton, M. (2001). Does parental disapproval of smoking prevent adolescents from becomeming established smokers ? Pediatrics, 108,1256-1262.
Scott, B. D. (1995). Risk factors leading to adolescent substance abuse. Adolescence 30,201-208.
Seely, J. E., Zuskin, E., & Bouhuys, A. (1971). Cigarette smoking: Objective evidence for lung damage in teenagers. Science, 172, 741-743.
Sells, W., & Blum, R. W. (1996). Morbidity and mortality among U.S. adolescents: An overview of data and trends. American Journal of Public Health, 86, 513-519.
Sherif, M. (1936). The Psychology of Social Norm. Octagon Books, New York. Sherif, M. & Sherif, C. W. (1964). Reference Group: Exploration Into Conformity and Deviation of Adolescents. Harper and Row, New York.
Simons-Morton, B., Crump, A. D., Haynic, D. L., Saylor, K. E., Eitel, P. & Yu, K. (1999). Psychosocial, school, and parent factors associated with recent smoking among early-adolescent boys and girls. Preventive Medicine, 28:138-148.
Skinner, W. F., Massey, J. L., Krohn, M. D. & Laure, R. M. (1985). Social influences and constraints on the initiation and cessation of adolescent tobacco use. Journal of Behavior Medicine, 8: 353-375.
Smith, Karen H., & Stutts, M. A. (1999). Factors that influence adolescents to smoke. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 33, 321-357.
Stanton, W. R. (1995). Tobacco dependence and quitting during late adolescent. Addicitive Behaviors, 15,595-603.
Stefanis, C. N., & Kokkevi, A. (1986). Depression and drug use. Psychopathology, 19,124-131.
Steinberg, L. & Silverberg, S. B. (1986). The vicissitudes of autonomy in early adolescence. Child Development, 57: 841-851.
Steinberg, L. (1987). The impact of puberty on family relations. Effects of pubertal status and pubertal timing. Developmental Psychology, 23: 451-460.
Steinberg, L., Dornbusch, S. M. & Brown, B. B. (1992). Ethnic differences in adolescent achievement: An ecological perspective. Am. Psychol. 47: 723-729.
Steinberg, L., Elmen, D. J. & Mounts, N. S. (1989). Authoritative parenting, psychosocial maturity, and academic success among adolescents. Child Development, 60: 1424-1436.
Steinberg, L., Lamborn, S. D. & Dornbusch, S. M. (1992). Impact of parenting practices on adolescent achievement: Authoritative parenting, school involvement, and encouragement to succeed. Child Development, 63: 1266-1281.
Steinberg, L., Mounts, N. S., Lamborn, S. D. & Dornbusch, S. M. (1991). Authoritative parenting and adolescent adjustment across varied ecological niches. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 1:19-36.
Tedeschi J. T. & Bonoma, T. V. (1972). Power and influence: An introduction. In Tedeschi, J. T. (ed.), The Social Influence Processes. Aldine and Atherton, Chicago.
Tomori, M., Zalar B., Plesnicar K. B., Ziherl S., & Stergar E. (2001). Smoking in relation to psychosocial risk factors in adolescent. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 10,143-150.
Turner, J. C. (1991). Social Influence. Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, California. Unger, J. B. & Rohrbach, L. A. (2002). Why do adolescent overestimate their peers’ smoking prevalence? Correlates of prevalence estimates among California 8th-Grade students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31: 147-153.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1994). Preventing tobacco use among young people: A report of the Surgeon General (Pub.No. 017-001-004910-0). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Unger, J. B., Rohrbach, L. A., & Curz, T. B. (2001). Ethnic variation in peer influences on adolescent smoking. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 3,167-176.
Urberg, K. A., Degirmencioglu, S. M. & Pilgrim, C. (1997). Close friend and group influence on adolescent cigarette smoking and alcohol use. Dev. Psychol. 33: 834-844.
Webster, R. A., Hunter, M. & Keats, J. A. (1994). Peer and parental influences on adolescents’ substance use: a path analysis. International Journal of the Addictions, 29: 647-657.
Weiss, L. H. & Schwarz, L. C. (1996). The relationship between parenting types and older adolescents’ personality, academic achievement, adjustment, and substance use, Child Development, 67 (5): 2101-2114. EJ 539 840.
Wiatrowski, M. D., Griswold, D. B. & Robbins, M. K. (1981). Social control theory and delinquency. American Sociological Review, 46: 525-541.
Wu, P. & Kandel, D. B. (1995). The roles of mothers and fathers in intergenerational behavioral transmission. The case of smoking and delinquency. In: Kaplan H. B. ed. Drug, Crime, and Other Deviant Adaptations: Longitudinal Studies. Longitudinal Research in the Social and Behavioral Sciences: an Interdisciplinary Series, pp. 49-81. New York: Plenum Press.
Yang, M. S., Yang, M. J., Liu, Y. H. & Ko, Y. C. (1998). Prevalence and related risk factors of licit and illicit substances use by adolescent students in Southern Taiwan. Public Health, 112: 347-352.
Yarnold, B. M. (1998). The Use of Alcohol by Miami's Adolescent Public School Students 1992: Peers, Risk-Taking, and Availability as Central Forces. Journal of Drug Education, 28 (3): 211-233.
Yen, D., Huang, S. Y.,Ma, I. P., Shiou, H. W., & Cho, S. H. (1995). A study on the cognition, attitudes, behavior and psychological traits regarding smoking, drinking and betel nuts chewing among adolescents in Taiwan (Department of Health Grant No. DOH83-HP-119-3M27 and DOH84-HP-001-3M21). Taiwan: Department of Health.