臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

都市垃圾焚化飛灰的再利用須克服飛灰中高含量的氯鹽以及重金屬溶出的問題。本研究探討以洗滌、燒結的方式克服前述問題而將飛灰製備成石材之可行性。於空氣污染防制設備收集的飛灰分別以去離子水、氫氧化鈉溶液(1-10wt.%)、磷酸溶液(1-10wt.%)洗滌(液固重量比７)，過濾、乾燥後，以5000psi的壓力造粒，再於900℃與1000℃下燒結1小時。
飛灰洗滌後，其氯鹽含量大幅降低。水洗灰與酸洗灰經高溫燒結後，重金屬的溶出量，以酸洗灰較小，但兩者皆不超過台灣溶出毒性事業廢棄物之溶出標準值，而鹼洗灰則否。飛灰以磷酸洗滌會產生磷酸鈣之膠體沈澱，而將重金屬穩定於燒結體中。酸洗灰燒結後，抗壓強度高於水洗灰與鹼洗灰，飛灰以5wt.%與10wt.%磷酸洗滌後之燒結體，長時間置放不會產生崩解的現象，而其抗壓強度(112-305 kgf/cm3)及Vickers硬度在（1.65~5.37GPa）與普通磚及大理石相當，可作為建材使用。

The utilization of municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash has to overcome the problems of high contents of chlorides and leaching of heavy metals. The feasibility of producing artificial aggregates from fly ash by a combined washing and sintering process, in which most alkali chlorides could be removed and heavy metals could be immobilized, has been studied. Fly ash, collected at the air pollution control units, was washed with deionized water, NaOH solutions (1-10 wt.%), and H3PO4 solutions (1-10wt.%), respectively, with a liquid/ solid weight ratio of 7. The dry washed samples were then pelletized with a pressure of 5000 psi. and were sintered at 900 ℃ and 1000 ℃ for 1 hour.
The chlorine content of fly ash was markedly reduced after washing. Leaching tests of fly ash treated by the combined process showed that the amounts of heavy metals dissolved were less than the standard values set for the hazardous industrial wastes in Taiwan, only for fly ash washed with deionized water or with phosphorous acid solutions. However, the immobilization of heavy metals was more pronounced in the later case. In that case, heavy metal ions were immobilized in the matrix of calcium phosphate gel, and subsequently were stabilized in the sintered cylinders. The compressive strengths of sintered cylinders were greater for fly ash washed with phosphorous acid solutions. When 5 wt% and 10 wt% phosphorous acid solutions were used, the sintered cylinders did not disintegrate for a long period of exposure in ambient air; their compressive strengths (112~305 kgf/cm3) and values of Vickers hardness (1.65~5.37GPa) were comparable to that of bricks and marble. Fly ash treated by washing with phosphorous acid solutions and subsequent sintering may be considered suitable to use as a constructive material.

目錄......................................................I
圖表索引.................................................VI
第一章 緒論..............................................1
1-1 研究緣起..............................................1
1-2 研究目標..............................................3
第二章 文獻回顧...........................................4
2-1 都市垃圾焚化飛灰來源及特性............................4
2-1-1 產源與產量..........................................4
2-1-2 焚化飛灰的物理與化學性質............................7
2-1-3 焚化飛灰中之重金屬來源及其危害性...................15
2-2 飛灰萃取無害化相關研究...............................16
2-3 重金屬廢液的處理.....................................22
2-4 燒結原理.............................................26
2-4-1 基本原理...........................................26
2-4-2 燒結過程...........................................27
2-4-3 燒結過程中的物理與化學變化.........................31
2-4-4 影響燒結的條件.....................................33
第三章 實驗分析與方法....................................35
3-1 試藥來源.............................................35
3-2 飛灰來源及其基本特性分析.............................35
3-2-1 飛灰的來源.........................................35
3-2-2 飛灰的基本特性.....................................36
3-3 實驗方法.............................................41
3-3-1 飛灰水洗、磷酸溶液酸洗以及氫氧化鈉溶液鹼洗試驗.....41
3-3-2 燒結試驗...........................................44
3-4 基本性質分析.........................................47
3-4-1 基本特性分析.......................................47
3-4-2 機械性質分析.......................................51
第四章 結果與討論........................................53
4-1 洗滌條件之選擇.......................................53
4-1-1 液固比之選擇.......................................53
4-1-2 時間之選擇.........................................53
4-2 固液分離與固體乾燥...................................56
4-3 飛灰鹼洗與酸洗後之重量殘留率.........................59
4-4 洗滌廢液中之金屬成份.................................60
4-5 飛灰與已洗灰之毒性特性溶出分析(TCLP).................60
4-6 飛灰與已洗灰燒結前後之性質分析.......................66
4-6-1 飛灰與已洗灰燒結前後X光繞射(XRD)分析...............66
4-6-2 飛灰與已洗灰燒結前後試體之外觀.....................67
4-6-3 已洗灰燒結體之耐酸鹼性.............................77
4-6-4 飛灰與已洗灰燒結體毒性特性溶出分析(TCLP)...........77
4-6-5 飛灰與已洗灰燒結前後能量散佈光譜儀(EDX)分析........82
4-6-6 飛灰與酸洗灰燒結後電子顯微鏡觀察(SEM)..............84
4-6-7 飛灰與已洗灰燒結後重量損失率與體積縮小率...........91
4-6-8 已洗灰燒結體之孔隙率、吸水率、體密度與機械性質分析.91
4-6-9 添加SiO2對抗壓強度的影響...........................96
第五章 結論.............................................101
參考文獻................................................104

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