臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

梨山地區為台灣重要的高山農業生產區，此密集農業活動對於脆弱且敏感的高山生態系的衝擊，至今少見研究加以深入探討。對一生態系營養輸入與輸出的研究可以評估生態的功能與健康，本研究在畢祿溪試驗林進行以週為單位的混沈降與溪水化學採樣，並於每月進行合歡溪採樣。藉由比較不同時期生態系營養輸入與輸出的動態以及不同土地利用的營養輸出，探討農業活動對於高山森林生態系的影響。研究期間混沈降之體積加權平均pH值為5.41，較25年前所測得的6.03低，可能因鹽基陽離子濃度的減少幅度高於SO42-、NO3-濃度所致。冬夏兩季的 [nssSO42-/NO3-] 差異很小，顯示受長程傳送影響較不明顯。SO42-、NO3-與NH4+的濃度變化相當一致，且主要來自農業活動污染的NH4+所佔比例最高，而利用因子分析萃取三個影響混沈降離子濃度的因子有解釋變異量最高的施肥與運輸污染因子：NH4+、SO42-、NO3-；塵土及農藥因子：nssCa2+、nssMg2+、nssCl-；酸因子：H+，表示該地混沈降主要污染物應是受鄰近梨山的農業活動影響。混沈降pH值受酸、鹼污染物共同影響，非SO42-、NO3-所主導，使pH值不能反應農業活動污染物的變動，而反應水中離子多寡的電導度與 [NH4+ + SO42- + NO3-] 具有明顯相關，可作為污染監測的初步指標。混沈降中氮的沈降量高於前人推估的臨界負荷量，可能導致極酸的土壤系統進一步酸化，而危害生態系的健康。畢祿溪溪水pH值平均為7.86，Ca2+、Mg2+濃度較前人研究中為低可能表示土壤持續酸化、鹽基陽離子耗竭。利用因子分析萃取影響畢祿溪溪水離子濃度的因子，主要受地質釋出所影響：Mg2+、Ca2+、Na+、K+、HCO3-、SO42-，其次依序是海鹽飛沫影響：Cl-、H+，以及植生影響：NO3-、NH4+。合歡溪屬於畢祿溪下游，溪水流經岩石或土壤會促使地質釋出，使合歡溪溪水中來自地質風化的Ca2+、Na+、K+、HCO3-、SO42-濃度皆高於畢祿溪。合歡溪溪水中與施肥、農藥、生活廢水排放相關的NO3-、Cl-平均濃度皆高於無人為開發的畢祿溪，顯示農業開發對生態系的營養添加有明顯影響，這將危害下游德基水庫水質與水資源的使用。前人模式推估，氣溫增加可能導致地質風化速率增加，是否影響畢祿溪的地質風化而改變溪水化學組成，值得進一步研究。溪流水中無機氮濃度在25年間有增加的現象，氣溫增加可使得枯枝落葉分解與營養釋出速率增加，這可能導致系統營養的損耗。本研究結果可供其他未開發的高山地區未來規劃的參考。

Lishan area is the major mountain agriculture region in Taiwan. The impact of the intense agricultural activities on high-elevation ecosystems has not been carefully examined. Studies of nutrient input-output are good ways of evaluating ecosystem’s function and health conditions. This study examined weekly bulk deposition and streamwater chemistry at Piluchi Experimental Forest and monthly streamwater chemistry at Herhuanchi together with a previous study to evaluate dynamics of nutrient input-out to evaluate the effect of mountain agriculture on high-elevation ecosystems. During the study period, volume weight mean pH of bulk deposition was 5.41 which was lower than that, 6.03, measured 25 years ago possibly because the concentration of base cations decreased more than that of SO42- and NO3-. The difference of winter and summer [nssSO42-/NO3-] was small suggesting that the effect of long-range transport was insignificant. The temporal patterns of SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+ were similar. Factor analysis extracted three factors which indicated that bulk deposition chemistry was dominated by fertilizers and transport pollution, ions including NH4+, SO42-, NO3- were in this category, followed by dust and pesticides, nssCa2+, nssMg2+, nssCl- were in this category, and acid, H+ was in this category indicating that the pollution resulting from agricultural activities was the major source of these pollutants. The pH of bulk deposition was dominated by base cations and acid anions, not just SO42- and NO3-, and was unable to reflect the pollution dynamics. There was a good correlation between conductivity and [NH4+ + SO42- + NO3-] suggesting that it may be used as an indicator of pollution. N deposition was higher than the estimated critical loading, could let the soil more acid and damage the system’s health. During the study period, mean pH of Piluchi’s streamwater was 7.86. The concentration of Ca2+ and Mg 2+ was lower than a previous study indicating the possibility of soil acidification and the depletion of base cations. Results from factor analysis indicated that streamwater chemistry was dominated by geological activities, ions including Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, SO42- were in this category, followed by sea-salt aerosol impact, Cl- and H+ were in this category, and vegetation impact, NO3- and NH4+ were in this category. Herhuanchi is in the downstream of Piluchi as such streamwater received more geological weathering and this resulted in the higher concentrations of Ca2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, SO42- relative to Piluchi. Concentrations of NO3- and Cl- which are abundant in fertilizers, pesticides and household waste water were higher in Herhuanchi than Puluchi suggesting the nutrient addition effect associated with agricultural activities. This might have adverse effect on the quality of water in the Te-Chi dam. Some models project greater weathering rates as a result of global warming. The effect of such increased weathering and the subsequent impact on streamwater chemistry needs to be explored. The concentration of inorganic N in the streamwater higher than that measured 25 years ago possibly because speed litter decomposition and nutrient release. The results from this study can be used to the planning of undeveloped high elevation areas.

目錄
第一章 研究背景與目的 1
第一節 農業活動與高山森林生態系 1
一、 農業活動對高山森林生態系的影響 1
二、 台灣的高山農業 3
第二節 小集水區營養收支研究 4
一、 大氣沈降類型 4
二、 溪水離子濃度與流量 6
第三節 研究動機與目的 7
一、 合歡溪與畢祿溪的研究機會 7
二、 研究目的 10
第二章 研究材料與方法 11
第一節 研究地概述 11
第二節 採樣方法與實驗分析 13
一、 混沈降採樣與實驗分析 13
二、 溪水採樣與實驗分析 15
三、 水樣資料統計分析 17
第三章 結果與討論 18
第一節 畢祿溪試驗林的營養輸入 18
一、 降雨量時間分布與收集效率 18
二、 混沈降pH值與電導度 20
三、 混沈降主要離子濃度與影響因子 25
四、 混沈降主要離子沈降量 37
第二節 畢祿溪試驗林的營養輸出 39
一、 畢祿溪溪水pH值、電導度 39
二、 畢祿溪溪水主要離子濃度與影響因子 42
第三節 合歡溪與畢祿溪溪水化學比較 51
一、 Mg2+、Ca2+、Na+、K+、HCO3-、SO42- 54
二、 Cl-、NH4+、NO3- 55
第四章 結論與建議 57
第一節 結論 57
第二節 建議 59
參考文獻 60

圖次
圖1-1：研究區位置........................................................................................................9
圖2-1：畢祿溪各月平均氣溫與降雨量 (1971-1998)………………………………12
圖2-2：混沈降收集桶外觀..........................................................................................14
圖2-3：本研究溪水採樣點..........................................................................................16
圖3-1：本研究期間各月降水量……………………………………………………..19
圖3-2：標準雨量筒與本研究收集桶收集降雨量之關係…………………………..19
圖3-3：畢祿溪試驗林混沈降pH值頻率分布圖……………………………………23
圖3-4：畢祿溪試驗林混沈降月加權平均pH值……………………………………24
圖3-5：畢祿溪試驗林混沈降季節加權平均pH值…………………………………24
圖3-6：畢祿溪試驗林月降雨量與混沈降離子濃度………………………………..28
圖3-7：畢祿溪試驗林混沈降中 (SO42- + NO3-) 與 (NH4+ + Ca2+) 濃度之關係….33
圖3-8：畢祿溪試驗林混沈降中電導度與 (SO42- + NO3- + NH4+) 濃度之關係…..33
圖3-9：颱風路徑圖…………………………………………………………………..35
圖3-10：畢祿溪溪水實測電導度與理論電導度之關係............................................40
圖3-11：畢祿溪溪水月平均pH值…………………………………………………..40
圖3-12：畢祿溪溪水季節平均pH值………………………………………………..41
圖3-13：畢祿溪試驗林月降雨量與溪水離子濃度………………………………….44
圖3-14：畢祿溪 (PLC) 與合歡溪 (HHC) 溪水離子濃度.......................................52

表次
表2-1：畢祿溪與合歡溪集水區地形特徵比較…………………….……………….12
表3-1：畢祿溪試驗林與其他研究地大氣沈降主要離子體積加權濃度之比較......23
表3-2：畢祿溪試驗林混沈降各離子體積加權濃度季節變化與比例……………..26
表3-3：畢祿溪試驗林混沈降各離子間之相關係數………………………………..26
表3-4：畢祿溪混沈降離子之因子分析……………………………………………..27
表3-5：不同颱風期間混沈降Cl-與Na+的加權濃度與輸入佔年總輸入量之比例..35
表3-6：畢祿溪試驗林與福山、蓮華池、彰化離子沈降量之比較…………………..38
表3-7：畢祿溪試驗林與其他研究地溪水主要離子濃度之比較…………………...41
表3-8：畢祿溪溪水各離子濃度季節變化與比例…………………………………...42
表3-9：畢祿溪溪水各離子間之相關係數…………………………………………...43
表3-10：畢祿溪溪水離子之因子分析………………………………………………43
表3-11：畢祿溪與合歡溪溪水平均離子濃度………………………………………51
表3-12：合歡溪上、中、下游溪水離子濃度................................................................51

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