臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

因為存貨的金額佔公司營運資金相當高的比例，所以做好存貨管理工作，就能間接增加公司的獲利能力。其中最重要的工作之一乃是控制存貨的數量與決定最佳訂購間隔。因此，相當多的學者致力於存貨數量模式的發展。
傳統的經濟訂購量模式，為供應商將貨送至零售商時，零售商需將款項繳交給供應商，然而，現實社會中，供應商往往給與零售商一段固定付款期限，即為信用交易期限，此時零售商無需貸款融資。如此，零售商可以降低存貨資金的積壓，且產品於信用交易期限前被售出，可賺取機會成本。但是，當過了信用交易期限，零售商需擔負起比機會成本還高的資金積壓的利息成本。本研究以信用交易期限對於經濟訂購批量的影響為出發點，使企業間接獲得相當實質收益。
本研究以信用交易期限為主軸，對於不同的存貨系統來探討最佳的訂購策略，如考慮確定性供給的存貨系統、未來供給不確定的存貨系統、及時生產環境的整合供應商和零售商存貨系統和現值觀念的存貨系統。尤其及時化生產系統需供應商和零售商密切合作，長期採購理想合約為供應商需少量多次運送，以降低零售商的存貨成本，但是供應商亦想降低總成本，然而多次運送將增加運送成本，因此兩方需取得平衡，供應商的運送品質與決定適當的存貨水準成為關鍵，而運送品質的決定因素為運送次數與總成本間的關係。故考慮信用交易存在的情況觀念來決定最佳的訂購策略，以其能得到更實際、更精確的訂購策略。本研究提供四個存貨系統，每個存貨系統皆導出其成本函數為目標函數，探討目標函數的性質，根據目標函數的性質，提供快速且正確的訂購策略的決策法則。

Because the total cost in inventory has large proportion of working capital for companies, good inventory management can increase the ability of making profits indirectly. One of the important tasks of inventory management is to control the inventory quantity and determine the optimal order interval, so many researchers were denoted to the development of inventory models. Under the classical EOQ model, payment for the quantity ordered is made when the quantity is received. In practice, however, this may not be true. In today*s business transactions, suppliers frequently allow credit for some fixed time period for setting the payment for the goods and do not charge any interest from the buyer on the amount owed during this credit period. However, a higher interest is charged if the payment is not settled by the end of the credit period. This gives a very big advantage to the customers, due to the fact that they do not have to pay the supplier immediately after receiving the goods, but instead, can delay their payment until the end of the allowed period. Therefore, the existence of the credit period serves to reduce the cost of holding stock to the customers, because it reduces the amount of capital invested in stock for the duration of the credit period. The article considers the allowable shortage, future supply uncertainty and integrated vendor-buyer cooperative inventory models and cash flows approach for the analysis of the optimal inventory policies in the presence of the trade credit. Especially, in today*s supply chain environment, the basic objective of just-in-time (JIT) is to purchase and manufacture the required item just in time for their consumption. The successful implementation of JIT requires a new spirit of cooperation between the buyer and the vendor. A desirable condition in long term purchase agreements in a JIT manufacturing environment is the frequent delivery of small quantities of items by the vendor so as to minimize inventory holding costs for the buyer. The vendor also needs to minimize total costs. An integrated inventory policy may prove helpful in breaking down the traditional barriers.
This article develops four inventory models to determine the optimal ordering policies under conditions of permissible delay in payments and shows that the total annual variable cost functions possess some kinds of convexities. With those convexities, the solution procedures are presented to determine the optimal order quantities.

封面
中文摘要
英文摘要
誌謝
目錄
圖表目錄
第一章 緒論
1.1 問題背景與研究目的
1.2 研究方向
1.3 相關文獻探討
1.4 研究範圍與限制
1.5 論文架構
第二章 確定性供給的存貨系統訂購策略
2.1 模型的建構
2.2 成本函數的性質
2.3 最佳訂購量的決定
2.4 小結
第三章 未來供給不確定的存貨系統訂購策略
3.1 模型的建構
3.2 可供貨期和無法供貨期持續時間長分別為指數分配
3.3 小結
第四章 整合供應商和零售商的存貨系統訂購策略
4.1 模型的建構
4.2 成本函數的性質和最佳經濟製造批量和運送次數
4.3 小結
第五章 現金流量現值觀點的存貨系統訂購策略
5.1 模型的建構
5.2 目標函數的性質
5.3 最佳訂購量的決定
5.4 小結
第六章 結論與未來研究方向
6.1 結論
6.2 未來研究方向
參考文獻
附錄
作者簡介

參考文獻
1. Aderohunmu, R., A. Mobolurin and N. Bryson (1995), Joint vendor-buyer policy in JIT manufacturing, Journal of Operational Research Society 46 (1995), 375-385.
2. Aggarwal S.P. and C.K. Jaggi, Ordering policies of deteriorating items under permissible delay in payments, Journal of Operational Research Society 46 (1995), 458-662.
3. Anupindi R. and R. Akella, Diversification under supply uncertainty, Management Science 39 (1993), 944-963.
4. Banerjee, A., A joint economic-lot-size model for purchaser and vendor, Decision Sciences 17 (1986), 292-311.
5. Bregman, R.L., The effect of extended payment terms on purchasing decisions, Computers in Industry 22 (1993), 311-318.
6. Chand, S. and J. Ward, A note on economic order quantity under conditions of permissible delay in payments, Journal of Operational Research Society 38 (1987), 83-84.
7. Chapman, C.B., S.C. Ward, D.F. Cooper and M.J. Page, Credit policy and inventory control, Journal of Operational Research Society 35 (1985), 1055-1065.
8. Chapman, C.B. and S.C. Ward, Inventory control and trade credit- a further reply, Journal of Operational Research Society 39 (1988), 219-220.
9. Chao, H.P., Inventory policy in the presence of market disruptions, Operations Research 35 (1987), 274-281.
10. Chung, K.H., Inventory control and trade credit revisited. Journal of Operational Research Society 40 (1989), 495-498.
11. Chung, K.J., A theorem on the determination of economic order quantity under conditions of permissible delay in payments. Computers and Operations Research 25 (1998), 49-52.
12. Chung, K. J. and S.D. Lin, An exact solution of cash flow for an integrated evaluation of investment in inventory and credit, Production Planning and Control 9 (1998) 360-365.
13. Ciarallo, F.W., R. Akella and T.E. Morton, A periodic review, production planning model with uncertain capacity and uncertain demand - optimality of extended myopic policies, Management Science 40 (1994), 320-332.
14. Davis, R.A. and N. Gaither, Optimal ordering policies under conditions of extended payment privileges, Management Science 31 (1985), 499-509.
15. Daellenbach, H.G., Inventory control and trade credit, Journal of Operational Research Society 37 (1986), 525-528.
16. Daellenbach, H.G., Inventory control and trade credit- a rejoinder, Journal of Operational Research Society 39 (1988), 218-219.
17. Davis, R.A. and N. Gaither, Optimal ordering policies under conditions of extended payment privileges, Management Science 31 (1985), 499-509.
18. Ehrhardt, R. and L. Taube, An inventory model with random replenishment quantities, International Journal of Production Research 25 (1987), 1795-1803.
19. Goyal, S.K., Economic order quantity under conditions of permissible delay in payments, Journal of Operational Research Society 36 (1985), 335-338.
20. Goyal, S.K., A joint economic-lot-size model for purchaser and vendor: a comment, Decision Sciences 19 (1988), 236-241.
21. Goyal, S.K., An integrated inventory model for a single supplier-single customer problem, International Journal of Production Research 15 (1976), 107-111.
22. Goyal, S.K. and G. Srinivasan, The individually responsible and rational decision approach to economic lot sizes for one vendor and many purchasers: a comment. Decision Sciences 23 (1992), 777-784.
23. Goyal, S.K. and Y.P. Gupta, Integrated inventory models: the buyer-vendor coordination. European Journal of Operational Research 41 (1989), 261-269.
24. , R., E. Onol and N. Erkip, Analysis of a deterministic demand production / inventory system under nonstationary supply uncertainty, IIE Transactions 29 (1997), 703-709.
25. Gupta, D., The (Q, r) inventory system with an unreliable supplier, INFOR 34 (1996), 59-76.
26. Ha, D. and S.L. Kim, Implementation of JIT purchasing: an integrated approach, Production Planning & Control 18 (1997), 152-157.
27. Hadley, G. and T.M. Whitin, Analysis of inventory systems, 1963 (Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ).
28. Haley, C.W. and R.C. Higgins, Inventory policy and trade credit financing, Management Science 20 (1973), 464-471.
29. Henig, M. and Y. Gerchak, The structure of periodic review policies in the presence of random yield, Operations Research 38 (1990), 634-643.
30. Hwang, H. and S.W. Shinn, Retailer*s pricing and lot sizing policy for exponentially deteriorating products under the condition of permissible delay in payments, Computers and Operations Research 24 (1997), 539-547.
31. Jaggi, C.K. and S.P. Aggarwal, Credit financing in economic orderingpolicies of deteriorating items, International Journal of Production Economics 34 (1994), 151-155.
32. Jamal A.M.M., B.R. Sarker and S. Wang, An ordering policy for deteriorating items with allowable shortage and permissible delay in payment, Journal of Operational Research Society 48 (1997), 826-833.
33. Joglekar, P. N. and S. Tharthare, The individually responsible and rational decision approach to economic lot sizes for one vendor and many purchasers. Decision Sciences 21 (1990), 492-506.
34. Khouja, M. and A. Mehrez, Optimal inventory policy under different supplier credit policies, Journal of Manufacturing Systems 15 (1996), 334-339.
35. Kim, Y. H., G. C. Philippatos and K. H. Chung, Evaluating investments in inventory systems: a net present value framework, Engineering Economics 31 (1986), 119-136.
36. Kingsman, B.G., The effect of payment rules on ordering and stockholding in purchasing, Journal of Operational Research Society 34 (1983), 1085-1098.
37. Mandal, B.N. and S. Phaujdar, Some EOQ models under permissible delay in payments, International Journal of Management and Systems 5 (1989), 99-108.
38. Nahmias, S., Production and Operations Analysis, Irwin, Homewood, IL, 1989.
39. Parlar, M. and D. Berkin, Future supply uncertainty in EOQ models, Naval Research Logistics 38 (1991), 107-121.
40. Parlar, M and D. Perry, Analysis of a (Q, r, T) inventory policy with deterministic and random yields when future supply is uncertain, European Journal of Operational Research 84 (1995), 431-443.
41. Parlar, M., Y. Wang, and Y. Gerchak, A periodic review inventory model with Markovian supply availability, International Journal of Production Economics 42 (1995), 131-136.
42. Rachamadugu, R., Error bounds for EOQ, Naval Research Logistics 35, (1988), 419-425.
43. Ross, S.M., Introduction to Probability Models (5th ed.), Academic Press, Inc, San Diego, 1993.
44. Shih, W., Optimal inventory policies when stockouts result from defective products, International Journal of Production Research 18 (1980), 677-686.
45. Silver, E.A., Operations Research in inventory management: a review and critique, Operations Research 29 (1981), 628-645.
46. Silver, E.A., D.F. Pyke and R. Peterson, Inventory Management and Production Planning and Scheduling (3rd ed.), John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
47. Thomas, D.J. and P.M. Griffin, Coordinated supply chain management, European Journal of Operational Research 94 (1996), 1-15.
48. Wang, Y. and Y. Gerchak, Periodic review production models with variable capacity, random yield, and uncertain demand, Management Science 42 (1996), 130-137.
49. Ward, S.C. and C.B. Chapman, Inventory control and trade credit- a reply to Daellenbach, Journal of Operational Research Society 38 (1987), 1081-1084.
50. Weiss, H.J. and E.C. Rosenthal, Optimal ordering policies when anticipating a disruption in supply or demand, European Journal of Operational Research 59 (1992), 370-382.
51. Yano, C.A. and H.L. Lee, Lot sizing with random yields: a review, Operations Research 43 (1995), 311-334, 1995.