臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

主管與部屬交換關係一直是組織行為研究中重要的議題，因為主管對待部屬關係之異同可能會影響到組織中員工之行為與績效。過去主管部屬交換理論(leader-member exchange theory, LMX理論)傾向以正面觀點去探討高品質LMX產生的影響與後果。此外，多數研究主要是以個體層面來探討LMX對員工行為的影響。然而本研究認為，應以更周延的觀點瞭解LMX的影響。這意味著團隊成員間的相互影響已成為不可忽視的一部分。因此，本研究主要的目的在於探討LMX與相對剝奪感之關係。其次，本研究以主管部屬交換品質差異(leader-member exchange differentiation)作為團隊變數，藉以探討「LMX差異」是否會對LMX與員工的相對剝奪感間具有調節效果的影響，最後，探討相對剝奪感與兩種員工行為的關係(組織公民行為與退縮行為)。
本研究採取兩階段發放問卷的方式蒐集，以台北市與新北市地區之信義房屋直營店員工為主。經由兩階段調查配對取樣後，第一階段與第二階段的實際有效問卷共為76家分店，共319組問卷。由於在本研究中，變數可區分成個體層級與團體層級，因此在資料分析方法上採用階層線性模型分析(hierarchical linear modeling, HLM)，作為本研究假設驗證之統計工具。
經過資料分析後，本研究結果發現：(1) LMX與員工相對剝奪感間具有負向關係。(2)「LMX差異」會調節「LMX」與「相對剝奪感」之間的關係，；當「LMX 差異」愈大時，「LMX」與「相對剝奪感」間的負向關係愈強，當「LMX差異」愈小時，「LMX」與「相對剝奪感」間的負向關係愈弱。(3) 相對剝奪感與組織公民行為間具有負向關係以及與退縮行為間有正向關係。以上結果有助於瞭解當相對剝奪感為中介時，LMX與員工行為變項間之歷程描述。此外，由於LMX與「LMX差異」間具有交互作用影響效果，因此本研究建議未來的LMX研究中宜從團隊層次角度來整體考量LMX對員工心理及行為的影響，以提供對LMX研究更周延的瞭解。

The relationship between leader and subordinate is always an important issue in organizational behavior research. That leaders treated subordinates similarly or differently may affect employees’ performances and behaviors in organizatios. Past leader-member exchange (LMX) studies tended to adopt a positive view to explore the impacts of high quality LMX and its consequences. In addition, most studies are based on individual-level perspective to explore the influences of LMX on employee behaviors. However, this study suggests to use a more comprehensive perspective to understand the influences of LMX. It means that the interactions among group members can not be ignored. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between LMX and relative deprivation. Furthermore, this study treats LMX differentiation as a group-level variable to examine its moderating effect on the relationship between LMX and relative deprivation. Finally, this study explores the relationship between relative deprivation and two kinds of employee behaviors (organizational citizenship behavior and withdrawal behavior).
This study adopted a two-stage design to collect data. The questionnaies were distributed to employees of a real estate company, whose branch stores were located in Taipei City and New Taipei City. Through matching from two-stage surveys, we obtained a valid sample of 319 employees from 76 stores. The variables of this study can be divided into the individual-level and group-level, therefore, we used the method of hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) as the statistical tool.
After data analysis, several findings are derived as follows: (1) LMX is negatively associated with employees’ relative deprivation; (2) LMX differentiation moderates the relationship between LMX and relative deprivation; when LMX differentiation is higher, LMX has a stronger negative effect on employees’ relative deprivation; when LMX differentiation is lower, LMX has a weaker negative effect on employees’ relative deprivation; (3) relative deprivation has a negative association with organizational citizenship behavior and a positive association with withdrawal behavior. These findings help to understand the process between LMX and employees’ behaviors. In addition, because LMX and LMX differentiation have an interaction effect, this study suggests that future LMX research should use team-level perspective to consider the impacts of LMX on employees’ psychology and behaviors, in order to provide a more comprehensive understanding for LMX research.

摘要 ii
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 研究目的 4
第三節 研究流程 4
第二章 文獻探討 7
第一節 LMX與LMX差異 7
第二節 LMX之影響探討 13
第三節 LMX差異之相關研究與實證 17
第四節 理論架構與假設 23
第三章 研究方法 27
第一節 研究對象與資料蒐集 27
第二節 研究構念衡量 28
第三節 資料分析方法 31
第四章 研究結果 33
第一節 敘述性統計分析與相關分析 33
第二節 問卷之信效度分析 37
第三節 研究假設之驗證分析 43
第五章 研究結果與建議 49
第一節 研究假設之分析結果 49
第二節 理論貢獻與實務意涵 51
第三節 研究限制與未來研究建議 54
參考文獻 55
附錄(一) 各變數之衡量題項 65
附錄(二) 研究問卷 67

表目錄
表2- 1 LMX之後果變數研究整理 15
表2- 2 LMX差異之相關變數研究整理 20
表4- 1 問卷基本資料分析 35
表4- 2 各研究變數敘述統計與相關矩陣 36
表4- 3 研究構念信度分析結果彙整 37
表4- 4 驗證性因素分析結果 40
表4- 5 階層線性模型分析結果：LMX的主效果以及LMX差異之干擾效果 44
表4- 6 階層線性模型分析結果：相對剝奪感對組織公民行為及退縮行為之影響 46
表4- 7 階層線性模型分析結果：LMX對於組織公民行為及退縮行為之影響 47
表4- 8 階層線性模型分析結果：相對剝奪感對LMX與組織公民行為以及退縮 48
表5-1 研究結果整理：相關假設檢驗 49

圖目錄
圖 1 - 1 研究流程圖 5
圖 2 - 1 LMX理論關係圖 8
圖 2 - 2 LMX與LMX差異模式 11
圖 2 - 3 研究架構圖 23
圖 4 - 1 CFA模型分析圖 42
圖 4 - 2 LMX差異對LMX與相對剝奪感之關係的調節效果 45
圖 4 - 3 LMX差異對LMX與相對剝奪感之關係的調節效果 45

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