跳到主要內容

臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

(216.73.216.182) 您好!臺灣時間:2025/10/09 19:12
字體大小: 字級放大   字級縮小   預設字形  
回查詢結果 :::

詳目顯示

: 
twitterline
研究生:王怡驊
研究生(外文):Yi-Hua Wang
論文名稱:添加結晶型胺基酸飼料對吳郭魚排氨、血液生化值及血漿胺基酸的效應
論文名稱(外文):Effects of supplemental crystalline amino acids in feed on ammonia excretion、blood parameters and plasma amino acids in Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus)
指導教授:劉擎華劉擎華引用關係
指導教授(外文):Chyng-Hwa Liou
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立臺灣海洋大學
系所名稱:水產養殖學系
學門:農業科學學門
學類:漁業學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2011
畢業學年度:99
語文別:中文
論文頁數:59
中文關鍵詞:吳郭魚離胺酸血液生化值排氨
外文關鍵詞:tilapialysineblood parametersammonia excretion
相關次數:
  • 被引用被引用:1
  • 點閱點閱:466
  • 評分評分:
  • 下載下載:32
  • 收藏至我的研究室書目清單書目收藏:1
本試驗欲探討添加結晶型胺基酸飼料對吳郭魚血液生化值以及血中游離離胺酸的影響。試驗飼料的粗蛋白含量定為30%,粗脂質含量定為6%,分為魚粉蛋白組(Control),植物蛋白源組(Basal)和植物蛋白源補充結晶型離胺酸組(Lys、Lys 4×、Lys 8×)。
試驗一吳郭魚在餵食0.5%試驗飼料後於0~12、16、20、24小時採水分析水中氨。補充結晶型離胺酸組Lys排氨量顯著低於其他組。吳郭魚排氨高峰出現於餵食後第6小時,Lys在第6小時的排氨率明顯低於Basal組,但仍顯著高於Control組。Lys 4×及Lys 8×隨著離胺酸添加量的增加其排氨顯著增加。血漿之天門冬酸轉氨酶(GOT) 及丙胺酸轉氨酶(GPT)活性, Lys有最低的活性,而Basal低於Control;而添加胺基酸飼料組別隨著結晶型胺基酸添加量的增加而有顯著上升。血漿之總膽固醇只有Control組顯著高於其他飼料組;而三酸甘油脂的濃度隨著結晶型胺基酸添加量的增加而有顯著增加。而血漿之血糖、總蛋白含量無顯著差異。餵食Lys 4×及Lys 8×組,血液遊離離胺酸濃度高峰值皆隨攝入量增加而升高,血液分別為500.39及2319.44 nmole/mL。於Control、 Lys及Basal組則並無明顯高峰。
試驗二餵食添加保護型胺基酸飼料,植物蛋白源組(Basal)和植物蛋白源補充結晶型離胺酸組(Coated Met、Coated Lys、Coated LM)。結果顯示添加Coated Lys較顯著降低吳郭魚總排氨量;但其排氨量還是較Control組高,而Coated Met則無顯著差異。
本研究結果顯示在植物性蛋白飼料中添加結晶型離胺酸,對於增進吳郭魚對植物性蛋白質的利用至少有些效果。

The effects of supplemental crystalline amino acids in feed on ammonia excretion、blood parameters and plasma amino acids in Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus). All diets were formulated as the crude protein content of 30%, crude lipid content as 6%, divided into fish meal protein group (Control), vegetable protein source group (Basal) and plant protein sources added crystalline lysine group (Lys, Lys 4 ×, Lys 8 ×).
In the first experiment, the Tilapia feed diets at 0.5% of body weight that water sample was collected at 0-12,16,20,and 24 h postprandial to analyze ammonia. Added crystalline lysine group of Lys ammonia excretion was significantly lower than the amount of other groups. Tilapia ammonia excretion peaked at 6 hours after feeding, Lys in the first 6 hours of ammonia excretion rate was significantly lower than the Basal group, but remained significantly higher than the Control group.Lys 4 × and Lys 8 × with the amount of lysine added to increase its ammonia excretion increased significantly. Plasma of aspartic acid transaminase (GOT) and alanine aminotransferase (GPT) activity, Lys has the lowest activity, and Basal less than Control; while adding crystalline amino acid diet group with the addition of amino acids increases have increased significantly.Feeding Lys 4 × and Lys 8 × group, blood concentrations of free lysine peak values are increased with increasing intake, blood was 500.39 and 2319.44 nmole / mL. In Control, Lys and Basal group no significant peak.
The similar procedure was carried out for the second trial. Add protected amino acids in diets, vegetable protein source group (Basal) and plant protein sources added crystalline lysine group (Coated Met, Coated Lys, Coated LM). The results showed Tilapia amount of total ammonia excretion significantly lower than the added Coated Lys; but the row of ammonia or higher than the Control group, while no significant differences Coated Met.

目錄

謝辭 i
摘要 ii
目錄 v
表目錄 vii
圖目錄 viii
前言 1
文獻整理 2
一、吳郭魚養殖現況 2
二、吳郭魚對蛋白質的需求 3
四、水產動物的胺基酸需求 5
五、植物性蛋白取代魚粉蛋白 7
六、植物性蛋白源添加結晶型胺基酸對水產動物的效果 8
七、水產動物對結晶型胺基酸利用不佳的原因 9
八、影響水產動物氮代謝因子 11
九、植物原料取代魚粉飼料對水產動物血液生化指標的影響 12
材料方法 17
試驗一 餵食不同濃度離胺酸對吳郭魚排氨、血中離胺酸及血液生化分析值的影響 17
一、 試驗飼料 17
二、 飼養環境 17
三、 試驗動物 18
四、 排氨試驗 18
五、 血液生化分析值 19
六、 飼料分析方法 20
七、 血漿游離離胺酸分析 22
八、 統計分析 23
試驗二 餵食保護型之胺基酸飼料對吳郭魚排氨的影響 23
結果 24
討論 27
結論 32
參考文獻 33


參考文獻
刁其玉,2007。动物氨基酸营养与饲料,化学工业出版社。
王芬、譚青松、解綬啟、朱曉明、沈建忠,2 0 0 8。異育銀鯽口服不同劑量澱粉血糖及血脂代謝變化。水生生物学报 32 , 4.
叶元土、林仕梅、罗莉、曾端、别之龙,2000。草鱼肠道对L-亮氨酸和L-苯丙氨酸的吸收。动物学报 46: 52-57。
有吉修二郎,1983。蛋白質、アミノ酸の代謝。アミノ酸飼料学。チクサン出版社。東京。pp. 21-34.
印遇龙,2008。猪氨基酸营养与代谢。科学出版社。
江英智,2007,美國進口吳郭魚產品市況與吳郭魚產業展望,漁業推廣第246期,第18-21頁。
李愛杰,1998。水產動物營養與飼料學,水產出版社,頁30-32。
周小秋,赵春蓉,2005。赖氨酸对幼鲤消化能力和免疫功能的影响.[硕士论文],雅安,四川农业大学。
荻野珍吉原著,1980。魚類之營養與飼料。新水產學全集(14)。恆星社厚生閣。
陳建初,1981。水質分析。九大圖書公司。98-109。
顏碧貞,1995。純化飼料中甲硫胺酸、離胺酸含量對歐利亞吳郭魚組織游離胺基酸變化的效應。國立海洋大學水產養殖學系碩士班論文。
Alam, M.S., Teshima, S., Koshio, S., 2005 Supplemental effects of coated methionine and/or lysine to soy protein isolate diet for juvenile kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicas [J]. Aquaculture, 248: 13–19.
Ambardekar, A.A., Reigh, R.C., 2007. Sources and utilization of amino acids in channel catfish diets: a review. North Am. J. Aquac. 69, 174-179.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), 1995. Official Methods of Analysis. 16th ed. AOAC, Arlington, VA.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), 1998. Official Methods of Analysis of the AOAC International, 16th edition. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
Aoe, H., Masuda, I., Abe, I., Saito, T., Toyoda, T., Kitamura, S., 1970. Nutrition of protein in young carp-Ι. Nutritive value of free amino acids. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 36, 407-413.
Aoyama, T., K. Fukui, K. Takamatsu, Y. Hashimoto and T. Yamamoto, 2000. Soy protein isolate and its hydrolysate reduce body fat of dietary obese rats and genetically obese mice (yellow KK). Nutrition, 16: 349-354.
Barash, H., 1984. The influence of the lysine level in the diet on nitrogen excretion and on the concentration of ammonia and free amino acids in the plasma of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Nutr. Rep. Int. 29, 283– 289.
Bautista-Teruel, M. N., Eusebio, P. S., Welsh, T. P., 2003. Utilization of feed pea, Pisum sativum, meal as a protein source in practical diets for juvenile tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture, 225 (1/4): 121-131.
Berge, G.E., Lied, E., Sveier, H., 1997. Nutrition of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): the requirement and metabolism of arginine. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 117A, 501-509.
Brown, L.A., 1988. Anesthesia in fish. The Veterinary Clinic of North.
Bureau, D.P., Encarnação, P.M., 2006. Adequately defining the amino acid requirements of fish: The case example of lysine. In: L. Elizabeth Cruz Suárez, Denis Ricque Marie, Mireya Tapia Salazar, Martha G. Nieto López, David A. Villarreal Cavazos, Ana C. Puello Cruz y Armando García Ortega. (Eds.), Avances en Nutrición Acuícola VIII . Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México., 29-53.
Cohen, S.A., 2000. Amino acid analysis using precolumn derivatization with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate. Method Mol. Biol. 159, 39-47.
Costa-Pierce, B.A., 1997. In: Tilapia aquaculture in the Americas. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. Vol.1 , pp. iii-v.
Cowey, C.B., 1994. Amino acid requirements of fish: a critical appraisal of present values. Aquaculture 124, 1-11.
Craig, S.R., Mclean, E., 2005. Cobia. Aquafeeds 2, 5-8.
Dabrowski, K., Poczyczynski P., K G., and Berger B.1989.Effect of partially or totally replacing fish meal protein by soybean meal protein on growth, food utilization and proteolytic enzyme activities in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). New in vivo test for exocrine pancreatic secretion. Aquaculture 77,29-49.
El-Saidy, D.M.S.D., Gaber, M.M.A., 2002. Complete replacement of fish meal by soybean meal with dietary L-lysine supplementation for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. J. World Aquac. Soc. 33(3), 297-306.
El-Sayed, A.-F.M. 1987. Protein and energy requirements of Tilapa zillii. PhD. Thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
El-Sayed, A.-F.M. 1990. Long-term evaluation of cottonseed meal as a protein source for Nilet ilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture8, 4: 31 5-320.
El-Sayed, A.F.M., Teshima, S., 1992. Protein and energy requirements of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, fry. Aquaculture 103, 55-63.
Escaffre, A.M., Infante J.Z., 1997. Nutritional value of soy protein concentrate for larvae of common carp(Cyprinus carpio) based on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities. Aquaculture, 153, 63-80.
FAO., 2004. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2004. FAO, Rome.
FAO., 2007. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006. FAO, Rome.
FAO., 2010. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2010. FAO, Rome.
Garlick, P. J., Gran, I.,1988.Amino acid infusion increases the sensitivity of muscle protein synthesis in vivo to insulin. Effect of branched-chain amino acids. Biochem. J. 254 ,579.
Hardy, R.W., 1999. Problems and opportunities in fish feed formulation. Aquac. Mag. 25, 56-60.
Harpaz, S., 2005. L-Carnitine and its attributed function in fish culture and nutrition-a review. Aquaculture 249, 3-21.
Hauler, R., Carter, C., 2001. Reevaluation of the quantitative dietary lysine requirement of fish. Rev. Fish. Sci. 9, 133-163.
Jackson, A.J., Capper, B.S. and Matty, A.J., 1982. Evaluation of some plant proteins in complete diets for the tilapia (Sarotherodon mossambicus). Aquaculture, 27: 97-109.
Jauncey, K., 1982. The effects of varying dietary protein level on the growth, food conversation, protein utilization and body composition of juvenile tilapi (Sarotherodon mossambicus). Aquaculture 27, 43-54.
Jauncey, K., A. G. J. Tacon and A. J. Jackson. 1983. The quantitative essential amino acid requirements of Oreochromis mossambicus. In: Fishelson, L. and Yaron, Z. (Eds), Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, Tel Aviv University, Nazareth, Israel, pp. 328-337.
Jobling, M., Wandsvik, M., 1983. Quantitive protein requirement of arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (L.). J. Fish Biol. 22, 705-712.
Kaushik, S. J., Cravedi, J.P., Lalles, J.P., Sumpter J., Fauconneau B., and Laroche ,M., 1995. Partial or total replacement of fish meal by soybean protein on growth, protein utilization, potential estrogenic or antigenic effects, cholesterolemia and flesh quality in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture 133, 257-274.
Kaushik, S.J., Cowey, C.B., 1991. Ammoniogenesis and dietary factors affecting nitrogen excretion. In: Cowey, C.B., Cho, C.Y. (Eds.), Nutritional Strategies and Aquaculture Waste, Univ. Guelph, Guelph, Canada, pp. 3–19.
Kaushik, S.J., Coves, D., Dutto, G., Blanc, D., 2004. Almost total replacement of fishmeal by plant protein sources in the diets for European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture 230, 391 – 404.
Kaushik, S.J., Fauconneau, B., 1984. Effects of lysine administration on plasma arginine and on some nitrogenous catabolites in rainbow trout. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 79A, 459-462.
Kaushik, S.J., Fauconneau, B., Terrier, L., Gras., J., 1988. Arginine requirement and status assessed by different biochemical indices in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Aquaculture 70, 75-95.
Ketola, H.G., 1982. Amino acid nutrition of fishes: requirements and supplementation of diets. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 73B, 1-17.
Ketola, H.G., 1983. Requirment for dietary lysine and arginine by fry of rainbow trout. J. Anim. Sci. 56, 101-107.
Kim, K.I.,Kayes, T.B.,Amundson, C.H., 1992.Requiremen for lysine and arginine by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 106,333-344.
Lim, C. and W. Dominy., 1989. Utilization of plant proteins by warm water fish. In: Applewhite, T.H. (Ed), Proceedings of the World Congress on Vegetable Protein Utilization on Human Foods and Animal Feedstuffs. American Oil Chemists’ Society, Champaign, Illinois, 245-251.
Lim, C. E. and C. D. Webster., 2006. Nutrient requirements. In: Lim, C.E. and Webster, C.D. (Eds), Tilapia: Biology, Culture and Nutrition. Food Products Press, New York, USA, 469-501.
Liou, C. H., 1989. Lysine and sulfur amino acid requirement of juvenile blue tilapia(Oreochromis aureus). Texas A & M University collage, Ph. D. Dissertation,Texas.
Lunger, A.N., McLean, E., and Craig, S.R., 2007. The effects of organic protein supplementation upon growth, feed conversion and texture quality parameters in juvenile cobia(Rachycentron canadum). Aquaculture 264, 342-352.
Manuel A., Segovia-Quintero,Robert C.Reigh., 2004. Coating crystalline methionine With Tripalmitin-polyvinyl alcohol slows its absorption in the intestine of Nile tilapia, (Oreochromis niloticus) [J].Aquaculture 238(1-4): 355-367.
Martin, S.A.M., Vilhelmsson, O., Me´dale, F., Watt, P., Kaushik, S., Houlihan,D.F.,2003.Proteomic sensitivity to dietary manipulations in rainbow trout. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1651,17 – 29.
Mazid, M.A., Tanaka, Y., Yatayama, T., Simpson, K. L., Chichester, C.O., 1978. Metabolism of amino acids in aquatic animals. Ⅲ. Indispensable amino acids for Tilapia zillii. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 44, 739-742.
Mommsen, T. P., 2001.Paradigms of groeth in fish.Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 129,207-219.
Murai, T., Akiyama, T., Nose, T., 1981. Use of crystalline amino acids coated with casein in diets for carp. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 47, 523-527.
Murai, T., Hirasawa, Y., Akiyama, T., Nose, T., 1983. Effects of dietary pH and electrolyte concentration on utilization of crystalline amino acids by fingerling carp. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 49, 1377-1380.
Murai, T., Ogata, H., Hirasawa, Y., Akiyama, T., Nose, T., 1987. Portal absorption and hepatic uptake of amino acids in rainbow trout force fed complete diets containing casein or crystalline amino acids. Nip. Sui. Gak. 53, 1847-1859.
Nose, T., 1983. Summary report on the requirements of essential amino acids for carp. In: Halver, J.E. and Tiews, K. (Eds.), Finfish Nutrition and Fishfeed Technology Vol 5, Berlin, Heenemann., pp. 145-156.
NRC (National Research Council), 1983. Nutrient requirement of warmwater fishes and shellfishes. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
NRC (National Research Council), 1993. Nutrient requirement of fishes. National Academy of Sciences. Washington, DC, 114 pp.
Ogata, H., 1986. Correlations of essential amino acid patterns between the dietaryprotein and the blood, hepatopancreas, or skeletal muscle in carp. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 52(2):307-312.
Or-Rashid, M.M., Onodera, R., Wadud, S., Nasser, M.-E. A., Amin, M.R., 1999. Rapid determination of L-lysine in biological samples by isocratic liquid chromatography. J. AOAC Inter. 82, 809-813.
Pantha, M.B., (1982). The use of soybean in practical feeds for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). MSC. Thesis, University of Stirling, UK.
Plakas, S.M., Katayama, T., 1981. Apparent digestibilities of amino acids from three regions of the gastrointestinal tract of carp (Cyprinus carpio) after ingestion of a protein and a corresponding free amino acid diet. Aquaculture 24, 309-314.
Plakas, S.M., Katayama, T., Tanaka, Y., Deshimaru, O., 1980. Changes in thelevels of circulating plasma free amino acids of carp (Cyprinus carpio) after feeding a protein and an amino acid diet of similar composition. Aquaculture 21, 307-322.
Puri, S.C., Mullen, K., 1980. Multiple comparisons. In: Applied Statistics for Food and Agriculture Scientists. G. G. Hall Medical Publish, Boston, MA., pp.146-162.
Randall, D. J. & Wright, P. A. 1987. Ammonia distribution and excretion in fish. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 3, 107-120.
Regost, C., Arzel, J., Cardinal, M., Robin, J., Laroche, M. & Kaushik, S.J. 2001. Dietary lipid level, hepatic lipogenesis and flesh quality in turbot (Psetta maxima). Aquaculture, 193, 291–309.
Regost C., Arzel J., Kaushik S.J. 1999. Partial or total replacement of fish meal by corn gluten meal in diets for turbot (Psetta maxima). Aquaculture, 180, 99-117.
Robinson, E. H., R. P. Wilson, and W. E. Poe. 1980. Reevaluation of the lysine requirement and lysine utilization by fingerling channel catfish. The Journal of Nutrition 110:2313-2316.
Rodehutscord, M., Mandel, S., Pfeffer, E., 1994. Reduced protein content and use of wheat gluten in diets for rainbow trout: effects on water loading with N and P. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 10, 271– 273.
Rodehutscord, M., S. Mandel, M. pack, S. Jacobs, and E. Pfeffer. 1995. Free amino acids can replace protein- bound amino acids in test diets for studies in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The Journal of Nutrition 125:956-963.
Santiago, C. B. and R. T. Lovell. 1988. Amino acid requirements for growth of Nile tilapia. J. Nutr., 118: 1540-1546.
Shiau, S.Y., 2002. Tilapia nutrition. In: Webster C.D. and Lim C. (Eds.), Nutrient Requirements and Feeding of Aquaculture Fish. CAB International Publishers, London, UK., pp. 273-292.
Shiau, S.Y., Kwok, C-C., Hwang, J-Y., Chen, C-M. and Lee, S-L, (1989).Replacement of fish meal with soybean meal in male tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus) fingerling diets at a suboptimal level. J. World Aquacult. SOC.2,0 (4): 230-235
Siddiqui, A. Q., Y. S. Al Hafedh and S. A. Ali. 1998. Effect of dietary protein level on the reproductive performance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Aquacult. Res., 29: 349-358.
Storebakken, T., Shearer, K.D. & Roem, A.J., 1998. Availability of protein, phosphorus and other elements in fish meal, soy-protein concentrate and phytase-treated soy-protein-concentratebased diets to Atlantic salmon, Salmon salar. Aquaculture 161, 365–379.
Solórzano, L., 1969. Determination of ammonia in natural waters by the phenolhypochlorite methods. Limnol. Oceangr. 14, 79-81.
Tacon, A.G.J., Cowey, C.B., 1985. Protein and amino acid requirements. In: Tytler, P., Calow, P.(Eds.), Fish Energetics New Perspectives.The Johns Hoptkins University Press, Baltimore, MD., pp. 155-183.
Tacon, A.G.J., Jauncey, K., Falaye, A., Pantha, M., MacGowan, I. and Stafford, E.A., (1983). The use of meat and bone meal, hydrolyzed feather meal and soybean meal in practical fry and fingerling diets for Oreochromis niloticus. In Proc. 1st. lntl, Symp. on Tilapia in Aquaculture, Fishelson, J. and Yaron, Z. (eds). Tel Aviv Univ. Press, Israel, pp. 356-365.
Tantikitti, C., March, B.E., 1995. Dynamics of plasma free amino acids from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under variety of dietary conditions. Fish. Physiol. Biochem. 14, 179-194.
Takagi, S., Shimeno, S., Hosokawa, H., Ukawa, M., 2001.Effect of lysine and methionine supplementation to a soy protein concentrate diet for red sea bream Pagrus major. Fish.Sci.,67, 1088–1096.
Tucker, C. S., Robinson, E.H., 1991. Channel catfish farming handbook. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
Viola, S., Angeoni, H., Lahav, E., 1994. Present limits of protein sparing by amino acid supplementation of practical carp and tilapia feeds. J. Aquac. Bam. 46, 203-211.
Viola, S., Lahav, E., 1991. Effects of lysine supplementation in practical carp feeds on total protein sparing and reduction of pollution. Isr. J. Aquac.-Bamidgeh 43, 112– 118.
Viola, S., Lahav, E., Angeoni, H., 1992. Reduction of feed protein levels and of nitrogenous N-excretions by lysine supplementation in intensive carp culture. Aquat. Living Resour. 5, 277– 285.
Walton, M.J., Cowey, C.B., 1977. Aspects of ammoniogenesis in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 57B, 143– 149.
Walton, M. J. 1985. Aspects of amino acid metabolism in teleost fish. Pages 47-67 in C. B. Cowey, A. M. Mackie and J. G. Bell, Editors. Nutrition and Feeding in Fish, Academic Press, London.
Wang, K., T. Takeuchi and T. Watanabe. 1985. Effect of dietary protein levels on growth of Tilapia niloticus. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish., 51: 133-140.
Wilson, R.P., 1989b. Amino acids and proteins. In: Fish Nutrition, 2nd edition. Halver, J.E. (Eds.), Academic Press, San Diego, California., pp. 111-151.
Wilson, R.P., 2002. Amino acid and Proteins. In: Halver, J.E., Hardy, R.W.(Eds.), Fish nutrition. 2rd Edition. Academic Press. San Diego. CA., pp. 144-179.
Wilson, R.P., Gatlin III, D.M., Poe, W.E., 1985. Postprandial changes in serum amino acid of channel catfish fed diets containing different levels of protein and energy. Aquaculture 49, 101-110.
Wilson, R. P., and W. E. Poe. 1985. Relationship of whole body and egg essential amino acid patterns to amino acid requirement patterns in channel catfish,Ictalurus punctatus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 80B:385-388.
Winfree, R.A., Stickney, R.R., 1981. Effects of dietary protein and energy on growth, feed conversion efficiency and body composition of Tilapia aureas. J. Nutr. 111, 1001-1012.
Yamada, S., Tanaka, Y., Katayama, T., 1981a. Feeding experiments with carp fry fed an amino acid diet by increasing the number of feedings per day. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 47, p. 1247.
Yamada, S., Yone, Y., 1986. Loss of dietary amino acids during mastication by carp. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 52, 673-676.
Yang, S.D., Liou, C.H., Liu, F.G., 2002. Effects of dietary protein level on growth performance, carcass composition and ammonia excretion in juvenile silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus). Aquaculture 213, 363-372.
Zarate, D.D., Lovell, R.T., 1997. Free lysine (L-lysine HCl) is utilized for growth less efficiently than protein-bound lysine (soybean meal) in practical diets by young channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Aquaculture 158, 87-100.

連結至畢業學校之論文網頁點我開啟連結
註: 此連結為研究生畢業學校所提供,不一定有電子全文可供下載,若連結有誤,請點選上方之〝勘誤回報〞功能,我們會盡快修正,謝謝!
QRCODE
 
 
 
 
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top