臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在本文中，為解決無線感測器在長期使用時電力來源的問題，提出射頻無線充電方式為其解決方案，可於電力耗盡時從讀取器予以補充，以免除更換電池之需要。該充電電路乃針對目前普遍之可攜式裝置所搭配之鋰離子可充電電池，在符合FCC規範之有限射頻能量條件內，以不經過電壓調整器為原則下進行直接充電。同時，完成了將輸入電壓提升以達充電之可行性並依據輸出電流對輸入阻抗分析以達充電效能之最佳化，並成功將其應用於鋰離子電池之無線充電應用上。同時，為簡化整流天線之設計流程，亦在文中提出具有圓極化與諧波抑制特性之天線，該類天線特別適合於無線傳能用途之整流天線(rectenna)以及與功率放大器結合之主動整合式天線(AIA)等整合非線性電路之天線系統，可省略諧波抑制濾波器之使用。首先為一圓極化且具二次諧波抑制功能之圓形微帶天線之實現，接著將其應用於2.45GHz ISM Band頻段之整流天線設計，該整流天線之整流效率根據所接收之功率密度之不同，最佳效率為78% (16.5mW/cm2)，而在ANSI/IEEE的標準下，於一般大眾與專業從業人員所允許之功率密度限制(1.63mW/cm2與8.16mW/cm2)下可達53%與75%之效率。應用所提出之電路充電效率提升方法與所提出之圓極化與諧波抑制天線之整合，在需要長時間使用與不利於人員進出與施工之環境條件下，將可為無線感測器或主動式射頻標籤，提供更具有彈性、更廣泛及更方便的應用。
另一方面，402-405MHz之可對鋰離子電池充電之整流天線亦被提出於生醫植入式頻段，使用本實驗室所發展之堆疊式可植入式天線做為功率接收介面，可成功將所接收到之電磁能量轉換為直電流並對鋰離子電池做充電；而在充電效率上，使用整流天線直接對電池充電，省去電源處理電路不必要之功率消耗，該整流天線之射頻轉直流之最佳效率可達76.2%，而且能在電池儲能電位3.7-4.2V平均達到75%之效率，將可應用於體表下之植入式生醫感測通訊裝置，於與外界通訊同時進行電源之補充。

In this dissertation, a RF power charging methodology is developed to provide ultimate power supply of wireless sensors in long term operation with rechargeable battery. Based on the FCC (Federal Communication Commission) regulation of the limited permissible exposure radiation density for public, the battery recharging procedure is accomplished by directly connecting to the rectenna without an additional voltage regulator. To achieve this, the input voltage promoting techniques are adopted by combining voltage transformation and voltage booster to overcome the high potential barrier of 4.2V Li-ion battery; also, the input impedance of rectifier while loading the battery is analyzed according to the output DC current for efficiency optimization. After that, to simplify the design procedure of the rectenna, the development of the circular polarization and harmonic rejection circular microstrip antenna is presented here. Such kind of the antenna is especially suitable for the rectifying antenna (rectenna) and active integrated antenna (AIA) to eliminate harmonic suppression filter. Hence, a novel rectenna using the compact circularly polarized (CP) patch antenna with RF-to-DC power conversion part at 2.45 GHz is introduced, in which the unbalanced slots structure is adopted for size reduction and 2nd harmonic rejection. To contribute a rectenna for RF power conversion, the back side of the CP antenna is the doubler rectifier circuit with 3rd order harmonic rejection radial stub for efficiency optimization and harmonic power re-radiation elimination. The adopted CP antenna built on low cost FR-4 substrate has measured 3.1dBic CP gain, bandwidth of 137 MHz (10 dB return loss) and 30 MHz CP bandwidth (3 dB axial ratio). By up to 3rd order harmonic rejection, the RF-to-DC conversion efficiency would reach 53% and 75% with 1 KΩ resistor load under ANSI/IEEE uncontrolled and controlled RF human exposure limit, respectively.
In addition, the implantable rectenna (rectifying antenna) used for wireless charging lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery in biomedical implants is proposed in MICS band (402-405MHz) with power reception interface of developed implantable antenna. By the proposed methodology for input impedance based on output DC current, the potential barrier of Li-ion battery is successfully overcome for recharging. Ignoring regulators of the rectified DC voltage, the DC power can supply large enough DC voltage (>4.2V) for charging lithium-ion battery with optimized RF-to-DC conversion efficiency (76.2%) and the average efficiency of 75% from 3.7 to 4.2V. Hence, the bio-implant can prolong its operation life by wireless charging as communicating with external reader by the proposed implantable rectenna.

摘要 I
ABSTRACT III
誌謝 V
TABLE OF CONTENTS VI
TABLE CAPTION VIII
FIGURE CAPTION IX
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General introduction 2
1.2 Historical Review of WPT and SBSP 4
1.3 Brief Review of Recent Wireless Energy Transmission (WiTricity) Development 17
1.4 Motivation 22
1.5 Wireless powering/charging system overview 24
1.6 Outline of thesis 25
CHAPTER 2 DESIGN OF RF-TO-DC RECTIFIER FOR RECTENNA 27
2.1 Brief review of RF rectifier 27
2.2 RF and DC model of Schottky barrier diode 27
2.3 Operation principle of rectifier in rectenna 30
2.3.1 Voltage gain impedance transformer 34
CHAPTER 3 MICROSTRIP ANTENNA DESIGN FOR RECTENNA AND ACTIVE INTEGRATED ANTENNA WITH CIRCULAR POLARIZATION AND HARMONIC REJECTION 37
3.1 The trend of antenna design for rectenna and AIA 37
3.2 Basic principle of circular polarization and harmonic rejection antenna 39
3.2.1 Circular polarization concept and measurement 39
3.2.2 Harmonic rejection 45
3.2.3 Circular microstrip disk antenna 53
3.3 Circular polarized and 2nd harmonic rejection microstrip antenna with unbalanced circular slots 58
CHAPTER 4 RECTENNA DESIGN IN 2.45GHZ ISM BAND AND MICS BAND 65
4.1 Compact Circularly Polarized Rectenna at 2.45GHz ISM Band 65
4.1.1 Radiation of Antenna 66
4.1.2 Rectifier Design 66
4.1.3 Results of the rectenna 68
4.1.4 Summary of ISM band rectenna 70
4.2 Rectifier Design for Wireless Charging on Lithium-ion Battery 71
4.2.1 Wireless charging system overview 72
4.2.2 Input impedance characterization by resistor and battery load 73
4.2.3 Rectenna Design 76
4.2.4 Charging Efficiency Measurement Apparatus 77
4.2.5 Results and Discussion 78
4.2.6 Summary of MICS Band Rectenna 80
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 81
PUBLICATION LIST 91
VITA 93

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