臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究使用一部結合平行平板濕式固氣分離器(Parallel Plate Wet Denuder, PPWD)與液膜微粒採樣器(Particle into Liquid Sampler, PILS)的酸鹼氣體及微粒自動監測系統(PPWD-PILS)在交大校園內進行大氣前驅氣體及PM2.5水溶性無機離子的監測，並將監測結果輸入至大氣氣膠熱平衡模型ISORROPIA-II計算熱平衡理論值以比對前驅氣體及PM2.5水溶性無機鹽觀測值與熱平衡理論值的關係。另外，本研究亦使用錐形元件振盪微量天平(tapered element oscillating microbalance with the filter dynamic measurement system, TEOM-FDMS)及微粒碳成分分析儀(OC-EC Analyzer)分別進行PM2.5質量濃度及PM2.5碳成分的監測以探討PM2.5化學組成，並使用10階微孔均勻沉降衝擊器(Micro-orifice uniform deposit cascade impactor, MOUDI)進行採樣以探討水溶性無機離子的粒徑分布。
PM2.5化學質量重建的結果顯示，微粒主要成分為二次無機鹽(Secondary Inorganic Aerosol ,SIA)，其次為有機物質(Organic Matter, OM)，佔PM2.5比例分別為40.50 ± 11.79%及18.49 ± 6.63 %，重建後的PM2.5質量濃度佔TEOM實測比例為 62.21 ± 15.32 %。
在與ISORROPIA-II比對方面，前驅氣體NH3(g)及PM2.5水溶性無機離子NH4+(p)有良好的比對結果，R2分別為0.83及0.82；SO42-(p)由於不具揮發性，比對結果一致，R2為1；HNO3(g)及NO3-(p)相關性較差，R2分別為0.12及0.48，此結果是由於大氣HNO3(g)及NO3-(p)濃度低且尚未考慮到粒徑大於2.5 μm的水溶性無機離子導致。
由水溶性無機離子的粒徑分布採樣結果得知，NH4+、NO3-及SO42-位於粗微粒的比例為分別為10.28%、42.76%及13.29%。利用各離子在粗微粒及細微粒的比例將觀測的PM2.5 數據放大至PM10後再與ISORROPIA-II比對，結果顯示NO3-(p)的比對得到改善，R2從原本的0.48上升至0.73，而HNO3(g)仍相關性不佳，並在ISORROPIA-II存在許多極低值，而這些值是由於HNO3(g)與NH3(g)進行反應並消耗HNO3(g)所造成，另使用NH3-HNO3-H2SO4 System計算大氣熱平衡的結果與觀測的比對在NO3-有低估的情形是由於較高濃度的SO42-使其降低解離常數所產生。

Ambient PM2.5 water-soluble inorganic ions and precursor gases at the NCTU site were measured using an online monitoring system, PPWD-PILS. In order to compare the observed data and theoretical value, the hourly data was input into a thermodynamic equilibrium model, ISORROPIA-II. In addition, for discussing the chemical composition of PM2.5, TEOM-FDMS and OC-EC analyzer were used to measure PM2.5 mass concentration and PM2.5 carbon composition, respectively. Moreover, MOUDI was used to investigate the particle size distribution of water-soluble inorganic ions.
The chemical composition of PM2.5 obtained by mass reconstruction showed that the primary component of the particles was Secondary Inorganic Aerosol (SIA), and secondary is Organic Matter (OM), which accounted for 40.50 ± 11.79% and 18.49 ± 6.63 %, respectively. The reconstructed PM2.5 mass concentration accounted for 62.21 ± 15.32% of mass concentration measured by TEOM.
In comparison with ISORROPIA-II, the precursor gas NH3(g) and NH4+(p) have a good agreement, R2 is 0.83 and 0.82, respectively; HNO3(g) and NO3-(p) are scattered, and R2 is 0.12 and 0.48, respectively. The result is due to the low concentration of atmospheric HNO3(g) and NO3-(p). It is caused by not considering water-soluble inorganic ions of particles which were larger than 2.5 μm.
In the results of the water-soluble inorganic ions size distribution, the percentage of NH4+, NO3- and SO42- in the coarse particles were 10.28%, 42.76%, and 13.29%, respectively. Using the ratio of each ion in the ratio of coarse particles to fine particles, the observed PM2.5 data was adjusted to PM10 and then compared with ISORROPIA-II. The results showed that the comparison of NO3-(p) was improved, and R2 increased from 0.48 to 0.73, while HNO3(g) is still scattered, and there are also many extremely low values in ISORROPIA-II, and these values are caused by HNO3(g) reacting with NH3(g) and consuming HNO3(g). The NH3-HNO3-H2SO4 System was used to calculate the theoretical thermodynamic equilibrium and it was underestimated in NO3-.

第一章 前言 1
1.1研究背景 1
1.2 研究目的 2
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2.1細懸浮微粒中之水溶性無機鹽組成 3
2.1.1 大氣微粒中水溶性無機鹽類探討 3
2.1.2陰陽離子當量比及中和比 6
2.1.3 大氣中的化學反應 7
2.2 大氣氣膠熱平衡 9
2.2.1 大氣氣膠熱平衡模型 9
2.2.2 ISORROPIA-II大氣熱平衡計算 10
2.2.3 ISORROPIA-II的相關研究 12
第三章 研究方法 16
3.1採樣地點介紹 16
3.2大氣監測系統 17
3.2.1液膜微粒採樣器(Particle into Liquid Sampler, PILS) 17
3.2.2平行平板濕式固氣分離器(Parallel Plate Wet Denuder, PPWD) 18
3.2.3錐形元件振盪微量天平(tapered element oscillating microbalance with the filter dynamic measurement system, TEOM-FDMS, Thermo, 1405-DF) 19
3.2.4微粒碳成分監測(OC/EC) 20
3.3大氣氣膠手動採樣器 21
3.3.1 十階微孔均勻沉降衝擊器 21
3.4 水溶性離子成分分析方法 23
3.4.1大氣酸鹼氣體及微粒自動監測系統 23
3.4.2大氣氣膠水溶性離子手動採樣方法 25
3.4.3 離子層析儀Ion Chromatrography ( IC) 25
3.5品質保證及品質管制(Quality Assurance/Quality Control, QA/QC) 27
3.5.1檢量線的建立及查核 27
3.5.2 儀器偵測極限(IDL)與方法偵測極限(MDL) 30
3.5.3 空白樣品分析 31
3.6氣體及微粒濃度計算 32
3.6.1 大氣自動監測系統濃度計算 32
3.6.2 大氣氣膠手動採樣濃度計算 34
第四章 研究結果與討論 35
4.1 交通大學PM2.5濃度監測結果 35
4.1.1 PM2.5微粒水溶性無機離子濃度 35
4.1.2 陰陽離子當量比(A/C Ratio)及中和比(N.R) 36
4.1.3 硫氧化率(S.O.R)及氮氧化率(N.O.R) 37
4.1.4 PM2.5化學質量重建(mass reconstruction) 38
4.2自動監測系統PPWD-PILS與ISORROPIA -II之PM2.5水溶性無機微粒與前驅氣體比對結果 41
4.2.1觀測值與 ISORROPIA –II比對結果 41
4.2.2水溶性無機離子粒徑分布 44
4.2.3觀測值PM10與 ISORROPIA -II進行比對 47
4.2.4 大氣中硝酸的反應 49
4.2.5 大氣NH3-HNO3-H2SO4 System的熱平衡理論計算 52
4.2.6 濃度誤差之探討 56
第五章 結論 58
第六章 參考文獻 59
附錄A- 交大校園化學質量重建結果 67

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行政院環保署環境檢驗所，環境檢驗方法偵測極限測定指引，NIEA-PA107，民國94年。
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