臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究探討四行程噴射引擎新機車使用不同酒精比例汽油與95市售汽油為燃料，於四種行車型態測試所致引擎尾氣排放污染物於無觸媒排氣管條件之差異。解析污染物包括：法定污染物、揮發性有機污染物、醛酮類化合物及有機性有害污染物(苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯、甲醛及乙醛)；此外，並探討臭氧生成潛勢(OFP)、法定污染物等效減量值(EEA)。測試油品分別為酒精含量15 %(E15)、30 %(E30)及95市售汽油。測試機車選用同廠牌同款之一部新車，行車型態為ECE type(現行法規規定行車型態)、WMTC type(預計民國104年生效)、TPE type及KH type(地方性行車型態)，於機車動力計依國內標準測試程序進行實驗。
於四種行車型態測試研究結果顯示，四行程噴射引擎機車使用酒精汽油所致CO與THC排放係數比使用95市售汽油皆為減量，減量效果隨酒精添加比例增加而增加，最大減量分別為36%(CO)及24%(THC)；酒精汽油所致NOx排放係數與95市售汽油相比則無明顯變化。探討行車型態代表性參數與法定污染物排放係數相關性分析顯示，CO與THC排放係數與平均加速度具有高度正相關，NOx則呈低中度正相關，原因應為加速時為避免爆震現象發生會有較濃油氣混合產生，進而導致CO及HC排放增加。
與95市售油比較，四行程噴射引擎機車使用不同酒精比例汽油為燃料，於四種行車型態之Total VOCs排放係數皆隨酒精添加比例增加而降低，烷類、烯類及芳香烴排放係數亦呈降低趨勢；醛酮化合物排放係數隨酒精比例增加而增加，顯示醇類於引擎內燃燒易生成甲醛及乙醛。。解析排放係數相關性顯示，揮發性有機物及醛酮化合物排放係數對平均加速度皆具有中高度正相關性。有機性有害空氣污染物分析結果顯示，四行程噴射引擎新機車使用酒精汽油為燃料對BTEX排放係數於四種行車型態皆呈減量，隨著酒精添加比例增加而增加減量效果。使用酒精汽油對甲醛及乙醛排放呈現增量，甲醛排放增加約75 %，乙醛排放增加約318 %。
臭氧生成潛勢分析結果顯示，四行程噴射引擎新機車使用酒精汽油為燃料，引擎廢氣所排放之總揮發性有機物(烷類+烯類+芳香烴)約減少18 ~ 66 %，但增加醛酮類所致臭氧生成潛勢約31 ~ 155 %。解析行車型態代表性參數相關性顯示，揮發性有機物及醛酮化合物臭氧生成潛勢與平均加速度皆具有中高度正相關性。

This study investigated the effects of ethanol-blended gasoline, with various oxygen contents, on air pollutant emissions from four-stroke fuel-injection motorcycle without catalyst under different driving cycle. Three test fuels which contains 15% (E15) and 30% (E30) of ethanol by volume and with the fuel oxygen content of 5.35, 7.4 and 10.06 by weight were applied to power the test motorcycle on a chassis dynamometer, respectively. Ethanol was used as oxygenated additive in test fuels. The commercial unleaded gasoline was used as reference fuel in which methyl ter-butyl ether (MTBE) was used as the additive with oxygen content 2.01% (by weight). The target pollutants investigated in this study including CO, NOx, THC, volatile organic compounds(VOCs), carbonyls, and six species of organic air toxics (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde). A new motorcycle, with engine displacement of 125 cm3, was tested on a chassis dynamometer by ECE test cycle. Emission factors of fuel-injection motorcycle had been derived by conducting the dynamometer test with two localized driving cycles (Taipei City cycle and Kaohsiung City cycle) and two international cycles ( ECE and WMTC).
The emission factors of TPE cycle among these four driving cycles has the largest emission. Emission factor of ECE cycle underestimates the values of two localized driving cycles (Taipei City cycle and Kaohsiung City cycle) and overestimates the factor of WMTC cycle.
The results showed that emissions of CO and THC from ethanol-gasoline blends under four driving cycles decreased with increasing oxygen content in test fuels. Particularly the E30 showed the highest emission reduction compared to the reference fuel. However the emission of NOx did not change significantly. Emissions of total VOCs, alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics groups in four driving cycles also reduced while using ethanol-gasoline blend as fuel. Emissions under four driving cycle of carbonyl group increased about 1.6 to 1.9 times from E30 as compared to RF. High emissions of acetaldehyde contributed high emission of carbonyl group while using ethanol blend. The results of air toxics emissions showed a reduction potential on benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, but with increasing emissions of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde.
Ozone-forming potential(OFP) of total VOC in the engine exhaust also reduced as using ethanol-gasoline blends. However, the OFP of carbonyls in engine exhaust increased about 31~155 %. Higher emissions of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde made higher OFP of emissions while using ethanol blend.
In summary, emissions of criteria air pollutants and VOCs may decrease while using ethanol-gasoline blends as fuel to power the motorcycle. E30 showed a higher emission reduction potential. However, E30 also had the higher emission of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde.

目錄
中文摘要 I
ABSTRACT III
誌謝 V
目錄 VII
表目錄 XI
圖目錄 XV
第一章、前言 1-1
1-1研究緣起 1-1
1-2研究目標 1-3
第二章、文獻回顧 2-1
2-1 移動車輛燃料組成特性與管制標準 2-1
2-1-1 汽油油品成分組成 2-1
2-1-2 國外油品發展趨勢 2-3
2-1-3 國內油品政策及發展 2-6
2-2 酒精汽油成分特徵及對於車輛使用燃油之應用 2-11
2-2-1 酒精汽油之組成及特性 2-11
2-2-2 國外酒精汽油發展 2-12
2-2-3 台灣地區之酒精汽油政策發展 2-16
2-3影響機車排放廢氣之因素 2-18
2-3-1 供油系統 2-18
2-3-2 引擎型態(二/四行程) 2-19
2-3-3 引擎累積行駛里程 2-20
2-3-4 車輛啟動方式(冷/熱啟動) 2-21
2-3-5 觸媒轉化器 2-22
2-4 行車型態對移動源污染物排放之關聯性 2-24
2-4-1 行車型態定義 2-24
2-4-2 行車型態對於法定污染物排放影響 2-30
2-4-3 行車型態對於氣態揮發性有機物排放影響 2-31
2-5 酒精汽油成分特徵對車輛尾氣氣態污染物影響 2-35
2-5-1 酒精汽油對氣態污染物排放影響 2-35
2-5-2 揮發性有機物在光化反應重要性 2-42
2-5-3車輛對光化反應之影響 2-43
第三章、研究方法 3-1
3-1 研究架構 3-1
3-2 篩選測試車與油品摻配設計 3-4
3-2-1 篩選測試車 3-4
3-2-2 油品成分摻配設計 3-4
3-3 車體動力計操作與排氣採樣程序 3-8
3-3-1 車體動力計簡述 3-8
3-3-2 車體動力計操作 3-8
3-3-3 測試型態之選擇 3-8
3-3-4 機車引擎尾氣之採樣程序 3-10
3-4 機車引擎尾氣之分析程序及品保品管 3-17
3-4-1 機車引擎尾氣之分析 3-17
3-4-2 實驗之品保品管 3-20
3-5 機車引擎尾氣空氣污染物計算 3-25
3-5-1 臭氧生成潛勢計算 3-25
3-5-2 油品及行車型態對機車尾氣排放影響計算 3-25
第四章、結果與討論 4-1
4-1新機車使用不同比例酒精汽油法定污染物特徵 4-1
4-1-1 法定污染物濃度(ppm)特徵 4-1
4-1-2 法定污染物單位里程排放係數(g/km)特徵 4-5
4-1-3 法定污染物單位油耗排放係數(g/L-fuel)特徵 4-11
4-1-4 綜合分析 4-17
4-1-5 油品含氧量對油耗及燃燒效率的影響 4-20
4-2新機車使用不同比例酒精汽油排放有機氣態污染物特徵 4-33
4-2-1 總揮發性有機污染物排放濃度及排放係數特徵 4-33
4-2-2 揮發性有機污染物族群排放濃度及排放係數特徵 4-36
4-2-3 醛酮化合物之排放濃度及排放係數特徵 4-41
4-2-4 有害空氣污染物排放特徵解析 4-45
4-2-5 綜合分析 4-50
4-3新機車使用不同比例酒精汽油排放VOCs及醛酮類光化反應趨勢影響 4-75
4-3-1 使用酒精汽油與95市售汽油對引擎尾氣總揮發性有機物臭氧生成潛勢 4-75
4-3-2 使用酒精汽油與95市售汽油為燃料對總揮發性有機物所致臭氧生成潛勢 4-77
4-3-3 使用酒精汽油與95市售汽油為燃料對醛酮類所致臭氧生成潛勢 4-83
4-3-4 綜合分析 4-85
4-4新機車使用酒精汽油於不同行車型態排放污染分析 4-99
4-4-1法定污染物 4-99
4-4-2 揮發性有機污染物及醛酮化合物 4-101
4-4-3 臭氧生成潛勢 4-101
4-4-4 四行程噴射引擎機車使用不同摻配比例酒精汽油對氣態污染物減量分析 4-102
4-4-5 綜合分析 4-104
第五章、結論與建議 5-1
5-1 結論 5-1
5-2 建議 5-4
參考文獻 Ref-1
英文文獻 Ref-1
中文文獻 Ref-8
附件 A-1
附件一 VOCS光化反應尺度(1/3) A-2
附件一 VOCS光化反應尺度(2/3) A-3
附件一 VOCS光化反應尺度(3/3) A-4
附件二 機車引擎尾氣空氣污染物排放係數計算 A-5

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