臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

　　韓信草(Scutellaria indica)是東方使用已久的藥用植物，為唇形科多年生草本，與Scutellaria lateriflora親緣關係相近。而Scutellaria lateriflora為Scutellaria indica的美洲種，也是當地常用的藥用植物，國外研究文獻指出Scutellaria lateriflora具有舒緩焦慮、鎮定神經、改善失眠症狀的作用(Brock, 2012)，並已有製成飲品販售，但是目前有關韓信草的研究，除少數探討黃酮含量外，研究文獻相當稀少。Kumar 在2013的研究顯示，黃酮類具有許多與人類健康有關的功能，例如抗氧化、改善冠狀動脈性心臟病、抗發炎和保肝等，有些甚至具有抗癌、抗腫瘤的作用。因本植物對生長環境的要求嚴苛，即使在正常環境下生長依然緩慢，使得活性物質萃取不易。所以本研究目的希望建立韓信草癒傷組織之培養系統，比較其癒傷組織與植株之有效總黃酮含量，並進行其功能分析。實驗設計分成三部分，第一部分是測試不同培養條件並建立韓信草癒傷組織的組培系統；第二部分是將誘導的癒傷組織以固態或液態方式進行細胞增殖；第三部分為比較何種培養條件下增殖之癒傷組織總黃酮含量最高，並以N2A神經細胞進行存活率以及功能性測試。實驗結果顯示：(1)MG和NG培養基有較高的癒傷組織誘導率；(2) 不同賀爾蒙組合會對植物細胞型態產生影響，MG、MB、NG與NB培養基之癒傷組織顏色為鵝黃、亮黃色，組織疏鬆，而MH及NH培養基之癒傷組織為黃褐色、邊緣褐化，組織堅硬；(3)在細胞增殖實驗，發現癒傷組織在液態懸浮培養時極容易褐化，不易培養；添加MES處理後，發現癒傷組織增殖與褐化速度減慢，組織緊密且堅硬。若同時添加活性碳進行固態培養時，其細胞型態改變並釋放出色素成粉紅或紅色，且癒傷組織表面潮濕；將固態培養基的養分減為1/4則會造成總黃酮含量降低；(4)癒傷組織培養於MG3、NG1、NG3、NG4培養基之總黃酮含量較高，並與對照組葉子的總黃酮含量無顯著差異；(5)細胞功能性檢測發現，葉子、MG與NG癒傷組織萃取液在受6-OHDA誘發損傷的N2a神經細胞無明顯療效，甚至NG萃取液處理時間增長會影響N2a神經細胞的修復。綜合以上結果，MG與NG癒傷組織萃取液在癒傷組織誘導及總黃酮萃取方面是不錯的培養基，而萃取液在功能性測試無顯著效果的原因，待進一步的釐清與探討。

　　Scutellaria indica (skullcap), a perennial Lamiaceae herb and a traditional medicinal plant used in East Asia,is genetically close to Scutellaria lateriflora (SL). SL is the American species of SI and is also a commonly used medicinal plant. According to the study of Brock et al. (2012), extracts of SL can relieve anxiety, calm the nervous, and improve the insomnia symptoms; it has been even made into beverages for sale. Although there have some reports about the flavonoids contents of Scutellaria indica, there is no tissue cultures of skullcap has been studied so far. Kumar et al. (2013) showed that flavonoids are directly associated with human health, for example, antioxidative activity, coronary heart disease prevention, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective...etc. Some flavonoids even exhibit anticancer and potential antiviral activities. Because the growth of skullcap is restricted by certain environmental conditions, which make the large scale extraction of skullcap flavoniods become unreachable. Therefore, we aim to establish the skullcap callus culture system, and to compare the total flavonoids contents of callus with its plant counterpart. Our results show that: (1) the MG and NG media are good for callus induction than the others(2) The hormone constituents will affect callus morphology, e.g.callus induced from MG, MB, NG, and NB media were light yellow and loose. Nonetheless, callus induced from MH and NH media were brownish yellow and hard. (3)The optimal conditions for suspension culture are still in study. Addition of MES in suspension culture medium made callus more compact and reduced proliferation rate and browning condition. Addition of MES in suspension culture medium made callus more compact and reduce callus proliferation rate and turning brown. Addition of active charcoal in semi-solid medium did not improve callus proliferation. Total flavonoid contents of callus reduced to certain level in 1/4 MS media. (4)The total flavonoids conents of callus from MG3, NG1, NG3, NG4 media were approximatly equal to the control, i.e. leaves. (5) Infunctionl analysis, Leave, MG, and NG extracts do not showsignificantly effect on damaged N2a cells induced by 6-OHDA. In summary, MG and NG media are the best for callus induction and total flavonoids contents of callus. Among them, the callus from MG3, NG1, NG3, NG4 medium outperform the others and are comparable to the control. The effect of skullcap callus extracts on damaged N2a cells’ is still not clear. It need more study to define if skullcap can be a potential drug for neuron damage.

摘要 I
Abstract II
目錄 III
圖目錄 V
表目錄 VI
前言 1
韓信草 1
黃酮類（flavonoid） 6
組織培養（Tissue culture） 11
動物細胞培養（Cell culture） 18
研究目的 20
材料及方法 21
本實驗所使用之儀器 21
1. 韓信草土耕與無菌苗之建立與馴化 22
1.1韓信草土耕 22
1.2無菌苗之建立 22
2. 癒傷組織分析 23
2.1癒傷組織誘導率 23
2.2癒傷組織之時期 24
2.3癒傷組織之褐化情況 24
3. 韓信草癒傷組織之誘導及最適培養方法之建立 24
3.1韓信草無內生菌苗葉片之癒傷組織誘導 24
3.2韓信草葉片之癒傷組織誘導 25
3.3韓信草癒傷組織之持續培養 25
4. 韓信草萃取液總黃酮與總酚量之檢測方法 26
4.1總黃酮及總酚萃取 26
4.2總黃酮含量檢測 27
4.3總酚含量檢測 27
5. 韓信草萃取液功能性測試 28
5.1 N2a神經細胞繼代培養 28
5.2 N2a細胞存活率測試 28
5.3 韓信草萃取液功能性測試 29
6. 統計分析 30
結果 31
韓信草無菌苗、馴化及土耕培養 31
癒傷組織之誘導 31
癒傷組織之增生 32
癒傷組織總黃酮含量測定 34
癒傷組織粗萃物之功能性測試 35
討論 37
韓信草無菌苗、水耕及土耕培養問題 37
癒傷組織誘導問題 37
癒傷組織持續培養困難 38
萃取試驗 41
N2a神經細胞實驗之問題 42
參考文獻 45
圖片 53
表格 77
附錄 79
附錄一、SI誘導基礎培養基 79
附錄二、基礎培養基外加之Hormones、添加物及濃度 79
作者簡歷 80

Ainsworth, E. A., & Gillespie, K. M. (2007). Estimation of total phenolic content and other oxidation substrates in plant tissues using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. Nature protocols, 2(4), 875-877.
Attaway, J. A., & Buslig, B. S. (1998). Antithrombogenic and Antiatherogenic Effects of Citrus Flavonoids. In Flavonoids in the Living System (pp. 165-173). Springer US.
Awad, R., Arnason, J. T., Trudeau, V., Bergeron, C., Budzinski, J. W., Foster, B. C., & Merali, Z. (2003). Phytochemical and biological analysis of skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora L.): a medicinal plant with anxiolytic properties. Phytomedicine, 10(8), 640-649.
Bergeron, C., Gafner, S., Clausen, E., & Carrier, D. J. (2005). Comparison of the chemical composition of extracts from Scutellaria lateriflora using accelerated solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction versus standard hot water or 70% ethanol extraction. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 53(8), 3076-3080.
Besseau, S., Hoffmann, L., Geoffroy, P., Lapierre, C., Pollet, B., & Legrand, M. (2007). Flavonoid accumulation in Arabidopsis repressed in lignin synthesis affects auxin transport and plant growth. The Plant Cell, 19(1), 148-162.
Brock, C. (2012). American skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora L): a study of its effects on mood in healthy volunteers (Doctoral dissertation, University of Westminster).
Brock, C., Whitehouse, J., Tewfik, I., & Towell, A. (2010). American skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora): an ancient remedy for today’s anxiety?. British Journal of Wellbeing, 1(4), 25-30.
Classic Murashige, T., & Skoog, F. (1962). A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant, 15, 473-97.
Chen, F., Wu, R., Zhu, Z., Yin, W., Xiong, M., Sun, J., ... & Zhang, X. (2015). Wogonin protects rat dorsal root ganglion neurons against tunicamycin-induced ER stress through the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 signaling pathway. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, 55(4), 995-1005.
Chen, G., Bower, K. A., Xu, M., Ding, M., Shi, X., Ke, Z. J., & Luo, J. (2009). Cyanidin-3-glucoside reverses ethanol-induced inhibition of neurite outgrowth: role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta. Neurotoxicity research, 15(4), 321-331.
Cheng, S., Zhang, W., Nannan, S. U. N., Feng, X. U., Linling, L. I., Yongling, L. I. A. O., & Cheng, H. (2014). Production of Flavonoids and Terpene Lactones from Optimized. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 42(1), 88.
Chiang, Y. C., Huang, B. H., & Liao, P. C. (2012). Diversification, biogeographic pattern, and demographic history of Taiwanese Scutellaria species inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA. PloS one, 7(11), e50844.
Cole, I. B., Cao, J., Alan, A. R., Saxena, P. K., & Murch, S. J. (2008). Comparisons of Scutellaria baicalensis, Scutellaria lateriflora and Scutellaria racemosa: genome size, antioxidant potential and phytochemistry. Planta medica, 74(04), 474-481.
Cook, N. C., & Samman, S. (1996). Flavonoids—chemistry, metabolism, cardioprotective effects, and dietary sources. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry, 7(2), 66-76.
Cram, D., & Schechter, S. (2016). Understanding Parkinson's Disease: A Self-Help Guide. Addicus Books.
Dai, J., & Mumper, R. J. (2010). Plant phenolics: extraction, analysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties. Molecules, 15(10), 7313-7352.
de Paiva Neto, V. B., & Otoni, W. C. (2003). Carbon sources and their osmotic potential in plant tissue culture: does it matter?. Scientia Horticulturae, 97(3), 193-202.
Eiden, M., Leidel, F., Strohmeier, B., Fast, C., & Groschup, M. H. (2012). A medicinal herb Scutellaria lateriflora inhibits PrP replication in vitro and delays the onset of prion disease in mice. Frontiers in psychiatry, 3.
El-Baz, F. K., Mohamed, A. A., & Ali, S. I. (2010). Callus formation, phenolics content and related antioxidant activities in tissue culture of a medicinal plant colocynth (Citrullus colocynthis). Nova Biotechnologica, 10(2), 79-94.
Evans, D. A., Sharp, W. R., & Flick, C. E. (1981). Growth and behavior of cell cultures: embryogenesis and organogenesis. Plant tissue culture: methods and application in agriculture/edited by Trevor A. Thorpe. p45-113.
Fahn, S. (1986). Recent developments in Parkinson's disease. Raven Pr.
FRIDBORG, G., PEDERSÉN, M., LANDSTRÖM, L. E., & ERIKSSON, T. (1978). The effect of activated charcoal on tissue cultures: adsorption of metabolites inhibiting morphogenesis. Physiologia Plantarum, 43(2), 104-106.
Graf, B. A., Milbury, P. E., & Blumberg, J. B. (2005). Flavonols, flavones, flavanones, and human health: epidemiological evidence. Journal of medicinal food, 8(3), 281-290.
Greer, S. P., & Rinehart, T. A. (2010). Dormancy and germination in vitro response of Hydrangea macrophylla and Hydrangea paniculata seed to light, cold-treatment and gibberellic acid. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 28(1), 41-47.
Grotewold, E. (Ed.). (2006). The science of flavonoids-Chapter 3 The biosynthesis of flavonoids." Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Guo, L. L., Guan, Z. Z., Huang, Y., Wang, Y. L., & Shi, J. S. (2013). The neurotoxicity of β-amyloid peptide toward rat brain is associated with enhanced oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis, all of which can be attenuated by scutellarin. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, 65(5), 579-584.
Haghi, G., & Hatami, A. (2010). Simultaneous quantification of flavonoids and phenolic acids in plant materials by a newly developed isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography approach. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 58(20), 10812-10816.
Harborne, J. B., & Williams, C. A. (2000). Advances in flavonoid research since 1992. Phytochemistry, 55(6), 481-504.
Huo, M., Chen, N., Chi, G., Yuan, X., Guan, S., Li, H., ... & Ouyang, H. (2012). Traditional medicine alpinetin inhibits the inflammatory response in Raw 264.7 cells and mouse models. International immunopharmacology, 12(1), 241-248.
Ishii, Y., Takamura, T., Goi, M., & Tanaka, M. (1998). Callus induction and somatic embryogenesis of Phalaenopsis. Plant Cell Reports, 17(6), 446-450.
Jayaraman, S., Daud, N. H., Halis, R., & Mohamed, R. (2014). Effects of plant growth regulators, carbon sources and pH values on callus induction in Aquilaria malaccensis leaf explants and characteristics of the resultant calli. Journal of forestry research, 25(3), 535-540.
Jiang, Z., Sang, H., Fu, X., Liang, Y., & Li, L. (2015). Alpinetin enhances cholesterol efflux and inhibits lipid accumulation in oxidized low‐density lipoprotein‐loaded human macrophages. Biotechnology and applied biochemistry, 62(6), 840-847.
Joshee, N., Parajuli, P., Medina-Bolivar, F., Rimando, A. M., & Yadav, A. K. (2010). Scutellaria biotechnology: achievements and future prospects. Bulletin UASVM Horticulture, 67(1), 24-32.
Joshee, N., Patrick, T. S., Mentreddy, R. S., & Yadav, A. K. (2002). Skullcap: Potential medicinal crop. Reprinted from: J. Janick and A. Whipkey (eds.). Trends in New crops and new uses, 580-586.
Kartesz, J. T. (1994). A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland (Vol. 2). Portland, OR.: Timber Press.
Kim, D. S., Kim, J. Y., & Han, Y. S. (2007). Alzheimer's disease drug discovery from herbs: neuroprotectivity from β-amyloid (1-42) insult. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 13(3), 333-340.
Khatiwora, E., Adsul, V. B., Kulkarni, M. M., Deshpande, N. R., & Kashalkar, R. V. (2010). Spectroscopic determination of total phenol and flavonoid contents of Ipomoea carnea. International Journal of Chem Tech Research, 2(3), 1698-1701.
Kumar, S., & Pandey, A. K. (2013). Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: an overview. The Scientific World Journal, 2013.
Lau, J. A., Puliafico, K. P., Kopshever, J. A., Steltzer, H., Jarvis, E. P., Schwarzländer, M., ... & Hufbauer, R. A. (2008). Inference of allelopathy is complicated by effects of activated carbon on plant growth. New Phytologist, 178(2), 412-423.
Lee, H., Kim, Y. O., Kim, H., Kim, S. Y., Noh, H. S., Kang, S. S., ... & Suk, K. (2003). Flavonoid wogonin from medicinal herb is neuroprotective by inhibiting inflammatory activation of microglia. The FASEB Journal, 17(13), 1943-1944.
Li, H., Huang, D., Gao, Z., Lv, Y., Zhang, L., Cui, H., & Zheng, J. (2010). Scutellarin inhibits cell migration by regulating production of αv ß6 integrin and E-cadherin in human tongue cancer cells. Oncology reports, 24, 1153-1160.
Liu, H., Yang, X., Tang, R., Liu, J., & Xu, H. (2005). Effect of scutellarin on nitric oxide production in early stages of neuron damage induced by hydrogen peroxide. Pharmacological research, 51(3), 205-210.
Lohani, M. (2014). Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroprotection by an Alternative Drug Scutellaria lateriflora (Doctoral dissertation, Auburn University).
Long, L., Wang, J., Lu, X., Xu, Y., Zheng, S., Luo, C., & Li, Y. (2015). Protective effects of scutellarin on type II diabetes mellitus-induced testicular damages related to reactive oxygen species/Bcl-2/Bax and reactive oxygen species/microcirculation/staving pathway in diabetic rat. Journal of diabetes research, 2015.
Luo, J. (2010). Lithium-mediated protection against ethanol neurotoxicity. Frontiers in neuroscience, 4, 41.
Magalhães, L. M., Almeida, M. I. G., Barreiros, L., Reis, S., & Segundo, M. A. (2012). Automatic aluminum chloride method for routine estimation of total flavonoids in red wines and teas. Food Analytical Methods, 5(3), 530-539.
Martens, S., & Mithöfer, A. (2005). Flavones and flavone synthases. Phytochemistry, 66(20), 2399-2407.
Miller, C. O., Skoog, F., Von Saltza, M. H., & Strong, F. M. (1955a). Kinetin, a cell division factor from deoxyribonucleic acid1. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 77(5), 1392-1392.
Miller, C. O., Skoog, F., Okumura, F. S., Von Saltza, M. H., & Strong, F. M. (1955b). Structure and synthesis of kinetin1. Journal of the American Chemical society, 77(9), 2662-2663.
Miller, C. O., Skoog, F., Okumura, F. S., Von Saltza, M. H., & Strong, F. M. (1956). Isolation, structure and synthesis of kinetin, a substance promoting cell division1, 2. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 78(7), 1375-1380.
MIYAICHI, Y., IMOTO, Y., TOMIMORI, T., & LIN, C. C. (1987). Studies on the constituents of Scutellaria species. IX. On the flavonoid constituents of the root of Scutellaria indica L. Chemical and pharmaceutical bulletin, 35(9), 3720-3725.
MIYAiCHi, Y., Haruhisa, K. I. Z. U., TOMIMORI, T., & Chun-Ching, L. I. N. (1989). Studies on the Constituents of Scutellaria Species. XI.: On the Flavonoid Constituents of the Aerial Parts of Scutellaria indica L. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 37(3), 794-797.
Miyazaki, J., Tan, B. H., & Errington, S. G. (2010). Eradication of endophytic bacteria via treatment for axillary buds of Petunia hybrida using Plant Preservative Mixture (PPM TM). Plant cell, tissue and organ culture, 102(3), 365-372.
Petrussa, E., Braidot, E., Zancani, M., Peresson, C., Bertolini, A., Patui, S., & Vianello, A. (2013). Plant flavonoids—biosynthesis, transport and involvement in stress responses. International journal of molecular sciences, 14(7), 14950-14973.
Polier, G., Ding, J., Konkimalla, B. V., Eick, D., Ribeiro, N., Köhler, R., ... & Li-Weber, M. (2011). Wogonin and related natural flavones are inhibitors of CDK9 that induce apoptosis in cancer cells by transcriptional suppression of Mcl-1. Cell death & disease, 2(7), e182.
Rahimi, R., Ghiasi, S., Azimi, H., Fakhari, S., & Abdollahi, M. (2010). A review of the herbal phosphodiesterase inhibitors; future perspective of new drugs. Cytokine, 49(2), 123-129.
Razdan, M. K. (2003). Introduction to plant tissue culture. Science Publishers.
Renninger, G. CITRUS VITAMIN T'.
Ren, G., Sun, A., Deng, C., Zhang, J., Wu, X., Wei, X., ... & Wang, Z. (2015). The anti-inflammatory effect and potential mechanism of cardamonin in DSS-induced colitis. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 309(7), G517-G527.
Robbins, R. C. (1998). Flavonoids in the Living System- Antithrombogenic and Antiatherogenic Effects of Citrus Flavonoids.
Ganmore-Neumann, R., & Kafkafi, U. (1980). Root Temperature and Percentage NO3-/NH4+ Effect on Tomato Plant Development I. Morphology and Growth. Agronomy Journal, 72(5), 758-761.
Salto, R., Vílchez, J. D., Girón, M. D., Cabrera, E., Campos, N., Manzano, M., ... & López-Pedrosa, J. M. (2015). β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (HMB) promotes neurite outgrowth in Neuro2a cells. PloS one, 10(8), e0135614.
Silva, A. L. L., Rodrigues, C., Costa, J. L., Machado, M. P., Penha, R. O., Biasi, L. A., ... & Soccol, C. R. (2013). Gibberellic acid fermented extract obtained by solid-state fermentation using citric pulp by Fusarium moniliforme: Influence on Lavandula angustifolia Mill. cultivated in vitro. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 45, 2057-2064.
Sokoloff Boris, Chamelin Isidor, Biskind,Morton Martin C.William, Saelhof Clarence, Kato Shiro, Espinal Hugo (1956). "CITRUS VITAMIN P." 128-131.
Sultana, B., Anwar, F., & Ashraf, M. (2009). Effect of extraction solvent/technique on the antioxidant activity of selected medicinal plant extracts. Molecules, 14(6), 2167-2180.
Sumczynski, D., Bubelová, Z., Sneyd, J., Erb-Weber, S., & Mlcek, J. (2015). Total phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant activity, crude fibre and digestibility in non-traditional wheat flakes and muesli. Food chemistry, 174, 319-325.
Tang, H., Shi, Z. H., Li, N. G., Tang, Y. P., Shi, Q. P., Dong, Z. X., ... & Duan, J. A. (2015). Investigation on the interactions of scutellarin and scutellarein with bovine serum albumin using spectroscopic and molecular docking techniques. Archives of pharmacal research, 38(10), 1789-1801.
Tang, Y., Fang, Q., Shi, D., Niu, P., Chen, Y., & Deng, J. (2014). mTOR inhibition of cardamonin on antiproliferation of A549 cells is involved in a FKBP12 independent fashion. Life sciences, 99(1), 44-51.
Toriyama, K., & Hinata, K. (1985). Cell suspension and protoplast culture in rice. Plant Science, 41(3), 179-183.
Van Overbeek, J., Siu, R., & Haagen-Smit, A. J. (1944). Factors affecting the growth of Datura embryos in vitro. American Journal of Botany, 219-224.
Ververidis, F., Trantas, E., Douglas, C., Vollmer, G., Kretzschmar, G., & Panopoulos, N. (2007). Biotechnology of flavonoids and other phenylpropanoid‐derived natural products. Part I: Chemical diversity, impacts on plant biology and human health. Biotechnology journal, 2(10), 1214-1234.
Ververidis, F., Trantas, E., Douglas, C., Vollmer, G., Kretzschmar, G., & Panopoulos, N. (2007). Biotechnology of flavonoids and other phenylpropanoid‐derived natural products. Part II: Reconstruction of multienzyme pathways in plants and microbes. Biotechnology journal, 2(10), 1235-1249.
Wang, J., Wang, J., Liu, K., Xiao, X., Gong, W., Lu, Y., ... & Xu, D. (2010). An efficient plant regeneration system with in vitro flavonoid accumulation for Hylotelephium tatarinowii (Maxim.) H. Ohba. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Plant, 46(5), 445-450.
Wolfson, P., & Hoffmann, D. L. (2003). An investigation into the efficacy of Scutellaria lateriflora in healthy volunteers. Alternative therapies in health and medicine, 9(2), 74.
Wu, L., Yang, W., Zhang, S. N., & Lu, J. B. (2015). Alpinetin inhibits lung cancer progression and elevates sensitization drug-resistant lung cancer cells to cis-diammined dichloridoplatium. Drug design, development and therapy, 9, 6119.
Xu, S., Zhao, X., Zhao, Q., Zheng, Q., Fang, Z., Yang, X., ... & Xu, H. (2015). Wogonin prevents rat dorsal root ganglion neurons death via inhibiting tunicamycin-induced ER stress in vitro. Cellular and molecular neurobiology, 35(3), 89-398.
Xu, W., Dubos, C., & Lepiniec, L. (2015). Transcriptional control of flavonoid biosynthesis by MYB–bHLH–WDR complexes. Trends in Plant Science, 20(3), 176-185.
Xue, Z. G., Niu, P. G., Shi, D. H., Liu, Y., Deng, J., & Chen, Y. Y. (2016). Cardamonin Inhibits Angiogenesis by mTOR Downregulation in SKOV3 Cells. Planta medica, 82(01/02), 70-75.
Yamamoto, H., Chatani, N., Kitayama, A., & Tomimori, T. (1986). Flavonoid production in Scutellaria baicalensis callus cultures. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture, 5(3), 219-222.
Yamamoto, O., & Yamada, Y. (1986). Production of reserpine and its optimization in cultured Rauwolfia serpentina Benth. cells. Plant cell reports, 5(1), 50-53.
Yang, L., Wang, Q., Li, D., Zhou, Y., Zheng, X., Sun, H., ... & Wang, X. (2013). Wogonin enhances antitumor activity of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in vivo through ROS-mediated downregulation of cFLIPL and IAP proteins. Apoptosis, 18(5), 618-626.
Zhao, B. (2009). Natural antioxidants protect neurons in Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Neurochemical research, 34(4), 630-638.
Zheng, W. X., Wang, F., Cao, X. L., Pan, H. Y., Liu, X. Y., Hu, X. M., & Sun, Y. Y. (2014). Baicalin protects PC-12 cells from oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide via anti-apoptotic effects. Brain injury, 28(2), 227-234.
馬陶陶, 張群林, 李俊, 孟曉明, 黄成, 陳玉璞 (2008). 三氯化铝比色法测定中藥總黄酮方法的探討. 時珍國醫國藥, 19(1), 54-56.
戴瑩，楊世海，趙鸿峥，趙連華 (2016). 藥用植物组織培養中褐化現象的研究進展. 中草藥, 47(2), 344-351.
李佩珊 (2009)，地耳草（Hypericum japonicum THUNBERG ex MURRAY）組織培養之研究，中國醫藥大學藥學院中國藥學研究所碩士論文.
黃定加, 魏明治（2002）.半枝蓮中保肝成份之萃取研究，成功大學國科會研究報告
黃郁書（2015），Metformin與HybriMore再MPP+作用下之N2a細胞中的影響，天主教輔仁大學生命科學系研究所碩士論文
何春年, 彭勇, 肖伟, & 肖培根. (2012). 中国黄芩属植物传统药物学初步整理. 中國現代中藥, 14(1), 16-20.
陳惠娟 (2005). 植物组織培養中褐變的產生機理及克服措施. 植物保護, 31(2), 79-82.
郭慶啟, 張娜, 李夢雲, 張智, 王振宇 (2014). "落葉松松塔多酚含量、抗氧化能力與生長坡向的相關性." 北京大學學報 36(1).
福建省林業調查規劃院 (1989). 福建植物誌, 林業勘察設計雜誌編輯部.
錢崇澍、陳煥鏞、林鎔、俞德浚和吳征鎰主編 (1977). 中國植物誌 科學出版社.
徐國鈞, 丁林生 (1996). 中國藥材學, 中國醫藥科技出版社.
國家中醫藥管理局編纂 (1999). 中華本草, 上海科學技術出版社.
中國科學院華南植物園 (2009). 廣東植物誌, 廣東科技出版社.
何克諫 (1711). 生草藥性備要, 廣東科技出版社.