臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

靈芝是中國重要的藥用和食用菇蕈類，最主要的活性成分為多醣和三萜，具有抗氧化、抗肝炎、降血糖、抗發炎和降膽固醇的活性而三價鉻則對於糖尿病的血糖控制與葡萄糖耐受性有改善的作用。故本研究先以添加不同濃度的三價鉻於靈芝發酵的糙米基質，控制基質和水的比例為1:1，並在30℃下發酵14天，進一步分析抗氧化成分和微波萃取物的降血糖效果。發現添加200 ppm的三價鉻之糙米靈芝經熱水或85%乙醇萃取液會有較佳的多醣和總多酚含量、螯合亞鐵能力及還原力。再分別以0、25、50、75、95%酒精以300 W微波萃取富鉻靈芝米穀粉10 min，其中25%酒精濃度可以獲得較多的粗多醣、粗三萜類和鉻，含量分別為19.75%、0.34%和0.0026%。在以小鼠動物模式分別以正常組、糖尿病(STZ)組、糖尿病管餵組(分別管餵50 ppm靈芝萃取物、200 ppm靈芝粗多醣加3 ppm三價鉻及3 ppm三價鉻三組)實驗四週，每天記錄採水量及採食量，並每週測量空腹血糖，管餵50 ppm靈芝萃取物組在飲食及飲水部分在第二週及第三週開始即有顯著降低，在四週後可以發現空腹血糖值有顯著降低。添加整體2%靈芝發酵糙米於50%、60%和70%米穀粉，其餘的粉料為玉米粉，先調濕並將粉料拌均，利用單軸擠壓機擠壓成螺旋狀米籽條，熱風乾燥後的螺旋狀米籽條合適的烹煮時間只需7 min，遠較義大利麵的12 min的烹煮時間短，烹煮損失及烹煮收率分別為6-7.5%及248%-270%。在大學校園中進行三種米籽條之七分制嗜好性品評，在外觀、色澤、風味、口感及整體表現各項指標分數皆落在4.2-4.6之間，且添加越多的米穀粉對各項指標並無顯著差異，整體表現分數達5分(有些喜歡)以上皆有50％以上。

Ganoderma lucidum is one of the most important Chinese medicinal and edible mushrooms. The most important active components of G. lucidum are polysaccharides and triterpenoids. They have been proven to possess many pharmacological functions such as antioxidant, anti-hepatitis, hypoglycemic activity, anti-inflammation and hypercholesterolemia. Trivalent chromium can improve blood sugar control and glucose tolerance in diabetes. Therefore, chromium with different concentrations (0, 100 and 200 ppm ) were added to brown rice medium with 50% moisture content for Ganoderma lucidum in a 14-day solid-state fermentation at 30℃. Then the Ganoderma lucidum fermented rice products were extracted by hot water or 85% ethanol, and their antioxidant activities were analyzed. Ganoderma lucidum fermented rice supplemented with 200 ppm chromium had higher contents of polysaccharides, total phenols, ferrous ions and higher reducing power. Different ethanol concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75 and 95%) were used for extracting chromium enriched Ganoderma lucidum fermented rice products by 300 W microwave for 10 min, and 25% ethanol obtained more active compounds, such as 19.75% crude polysaccharides, 0.34% crude triterpenoids, and 0.0026% total chromium. The mice were divided to a normal group, four STZ-induced mice groups including control group, 50 ppm GL extracted by 25% ethanol, 200 ppm GL polysaccharides with 3 ppm Cr+3, and 3 ppm Cr+3 groups. During 28-days feeding, water intake, feed intake and plasma glucose of mice were recorded. The feed and water intake significantly decreased in STZ-induced mice groups with 50 ppm GL ethanol extract after 14-day and 21-day, respectively; and the hypoglycemic effects were appeared 28-day after feeding. Rice pastas were made from 2% chromium enriched Ganoderma lucidum fermented rice products, different ratio of rice flour (50, 60, 70%), and corn starch. The powders were premixed and humidified before entering the uniaxial extruder. The rice pastas only required 7 min cooking, and the cooking loss and cooking yield were about 6-7.5% and 248-270%, respectively. The seven score hedonic sensory evaluation at appearance, color, flavor, taste and overall performance of these three chromium enriched Ganoderma lucidum rice pastas were showed 4.2-4.6, and there were no significantly different among these three rice pastas. Chromium enriched Ganoderma lucidum rice pastas may have great potential development in the market.

書名頁
碩士學位論文授權書............................................................................ Ⅰ
碩士學位論文指導教授推薦函............................................................. Ⅱ
碩士學位論文口試委員審定書............................................................. Ⅲ
中文摘要................................................................................................. Ⅳ
Abstract.................................................................................................... Ⅵ
誌謝......................................................................................................... Ⅷ
總目錄..................................................................................................... Ⅸ
表目錄................................................................................................. ⅩⅡ
圖目錄................................................................................................. ⅩⅣ
附錄..................................................................................................... ⅩⅤ
壹、 續論....................................................................................................1
貳、 文獻回顧............................................................................................2
一、糖尿病................................................................................................2
(一) 糖尿病的分類..............................................................................2
(二) 糖尿病的診斷..............................................................................4
(三) 糖尿病的併發症..........................................................................4
二、靈芝....................................................................................................6
(一) 靈芝有效成分及生理功能...........................................................6
(二) 靈芝發酵......................................................................................9
(三) 微波萃取靈芝有效成分............................................................13
(四) 靈芝抗氧化能力/特性..............................................................14
(五) 靈芝降血糖................................................................................17
三、鉻與降血糖........................................................................................18
(一) 三價鉻之醣類代謝生理功能......................................................19
(二) 補充三價鉻對糖尿病的助益......................................................20
四、食品擠壓技術....................................................................................21
(一) 擠壓機結構..................................................................................21
(二) 擠壓食品......................................................................................23
五、稻米....................................................................................................24
(一) 稻米種類......................................................................................25
(二) 稻米澱粉......................................................................................26
(三) 米穀粉..........................................................................................27
(四) 稻米製品......................................................................................29
參、 實驗目的與實驗架構......................................................................30
一、 實驗目的..........................................................................................30
二、 研究架構圖......................................................................................31
肆、 富鉻靈芝米穀粉的抗氧化及降血糖研究......................................36
一、 前言................................................................................................37
二、 材料與方法....................................................................................39
三、 結果與討論....................................................................................48
四、 結論................................................................................................54
伍、 富鉻靈芝螺旋狀米籽條之研發......................................................63
一、 前言................................................................................................64
二、 材料與方法....................................................................................65
三、 結果與討論....................................................................................70
四、 結論................................................................................................79
陸、 參考文獻..........................................................................................95

王伯徹、陳啓楨、華傑。1998。食藥用菇類的栽培技術。食藥用菇類的培養與應用，臺灣新竹：財團法人食品工業發展研究所。36-52。
王智賢、徐邦治、方德昭。2006。糖尿病腎臟病變。慈濟醫學雜誌，18(1)：25-29。
王貞文、陳昇明、許惠恒。2008。靈芝對糖尿病患者降血糖之輔助治療。內科學誌，19：54-60。
王子慶、沈盈貝、林麗娟、蔡佳宏、吳明昌、林聖。2011。靈芝乙醇萃取物抗氧化與抗致突變性評估。大仁學報，39：17-34。
中華民國糖尿病衛教學會。2008。第二型糖尿病的預防與血糖值控制工作坊。臺北：糖尿病衛教專用書。
尹艷麗、張紅嶺、陳亮、李瑞芳。2010。靈芝菌絲發酵及胞內多糖提取條件優化。江南工業大學學報，31(4)：61-63。
付海英、賈婷、張英林、黛文丸、小保方技利、李航、蔡雲、李敬軒、楊巍。2012。三種赤靈芝粉對免疫抑制模型小鼠免疫功能的調節作用。中國免疫學雜誌，8：721-716。
江艶、王浩、呂龍、田庚元。2005。靈芝孢子粉多糖Lzps-1的化學研究及其總多糖的抗腫瘤活性。藥學學報，40(4)：347-350。
行政院衛生署。2012。國人十大死因統計結果分析。
行政院農業委員會農糧署。2011。農糧署年報。
行政院農業委員會。2011。糧食供需年報。
李僊錦。1999。靈芝、食用菇栽培法，第一版。臺南：大坤出版社。
李鵬飛、張紹維、孫文娟、王雨、葉麗杰。2005。富鉻酵母提取液降低血糖作用觀察。中國公共衛生，21(11)：1335-1336。
李原傑。2006。糖尿病視網膜病變。慈濟醫學雜誌，18(1)：31-35。
李秋涵、洪志丹。2012。富硒靈芝超微粉抗腫瘤及免疫調節功能研究。實用藥物與臨床，2：75-77。
何晉浙、邵平、孟祥河、孫培龍。2010。靈芝多糖的結構分析。Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 3：372-376。
吳殿星、夏英武。1999。食用稻米品質的研究發展及其改良策略。中國農學通報，15(3)：36-39。
吳鏡、鄭成、丁正祥。2006。微波輔助萃取銀耳多糖的研究。食品科技，9： 109-111。
袁連山、頤國亮、廖傳軍。2005。微波對萃取過程的強化。香料香精化妝品，1：29-32。
佾稻津、佐佐木忠雄、新井利直。1982。稻米的品質。財團法人北農會，1：1-8。
周碧瑟、董道興、李佳琳、莊紹源、林敬恆、楊南屏。2002。台灣地區糖尿病流行病學。台灣衛誌，21(2)：83-96。
周永斌、張志軍、訾惠君、劉連強、王玫。2010。靈芝設施化栽培關鍵技術。天津農業科學，16(1)：65-67。
莊峻鍠。2000。以胰臟與胰島移植治療第一型糖尿病的現況與展望。內分泌暨糖尿病學會會刊, 13(2)：19-23.
官暐摯、陳淑德、鄭永祥。2011。氧氣傳遞係數對富鉻靈芝深層發酵之影響。台灣農業化學與食品科學，49(5)：252-259。
官暐摯。2011。宜蘭大學食品科學系碩士學位論文。富鉻靈芝發酵及血糖調節之研究。宜蘭。台灣。
洪映紅。2008。飲食民俗與文化認同－論閩台米食文化的親緣性。湖北第二師範學院學報，25：55-57。
洪薇雯、辛錫璋、張哲銘。2008。從新陳代謝與免疫機制的觀點探討PPARγ扮演的角色與對糖尿病腎病變的影響。內科學誌，19(2)：121-127。
洪亮、楊開、邵平、李明焱、孫培龍。2009。破壁靈芝孢子粉的製備及體外抗氧化活性研究。浙江食用菌，17(4)：55-58。
唐慶九、季哲、郝瑞霞、劉艷芳、楊焱、張勁松。2010。靈芝中性三萜類成分的抗腫瘤作用。食用菌學報，17(1)：60-64。
郝素娥。2000。新型添加劑-有機鉻。精細與專用化學品，6：17-18。
孫鳳、蔡錚、楊得坡、肖培根、程翼宇。2010。液相色譜－質譜聯用定量分析威靈仙及其同屬植物中4種三萜皂苷。分析化學，38(9)： 1293-1298。
常紅、龐文楨、萬里。1994。富鉻酵母對大鼠實驗性高血脂症防止作用。營養學報，16(3)：285-291。
陳惠英、顏國欽。1998。自由基、抗氧化防禦與人體健康。中華民國營養學會會誌，23(1)：105-121。
陳淑德、莊佳穎。2008。穀類固態發酵之真菌類產品及其製造方法。中華民國專利證號：I303557。
陳淑德、陳保基、陳達煒、林育安、鄭永祥。2008。靈芝固態發酵產物之多醣和抗氧化活性分析。宜蘭大學生物資源學刊，4(2)：109-114。
陳淑德、林秀芸、鄭永祥。2009。專利名稱：通濕氣恒溫固態發酵槽。中華民國專利證號：M350554。
陳潔、蔡永艷、呂瑩果、王春。2011。原料粒度對米粉品質的影響。糧食與飼料工業，2011(2)：27-32。
陳利明、楊紅兵、苑留雲、陳海英。2012。富硒靈芝對動脈粥樣硬化大鼠血脂代謝及內皮細胞損傷的影響。河北中醫藥學報，2012(1)：10-11。
賈俊強、吳瓊英。2006。微波萃取技術的應用。食品科技，31(7)：5-8。
閔紹楷。1981。稻米品質的鑑定與改良。國外農學-水稻，3：113-123。
張東柱、陳道。1985。影響靈芝菌純培養形成擔孢子的物理因子。醫學與生命科學，2(1)：97-102。
張瑞敬、胡炳炎、何強。2004。血清中微量元素鉻的含量與糖尿病的關係。微量元素與健康研究，19(1)：26-28。
張華山、李亞芳、余響華。2005。靈芝多糖發酵工藝條件的研究。胺基酸和生物資源，27(4)：30-31。
張敏、李明、費聿榮、楊建虹、丁文軍。2007。口服富鉻啤酒酵母對鏈脲佐黴素誘導糖尿病大鼠的生物效應。中國科學院研究生院學報，24(2)：223-228。
張欣、徐慧。2008。擠壓技術在穀類食品加工中的應用。河北農業科學，12(6)：90-91。
張志軍、李淑芳、魏雪生、陳曉明。2011。靈芝多醣體外抗氧化活性的研究。化學與生物工程，28(3)：63-65。
張郁瑩、李保宏、黃韜、潘子明。2011。紅麴代謝產物(monacolin K)對肝細胞胰島素阻抗之改善效應。台灣農業化學與食品科學，49(2)：82-88。
章紹兵、陸啟玉。2005。直鏈澱粉含量對麵粉糊化特性及麵條品質的影響。河南工業大學學報，26(6)：9-12。
黃智璇、石曉、歐陽蒲月。2008。靈芝多醣調節血糖血脂作用的實驗研究。黑龍江醫藥，21(5)：39-41。
梁英嬌、楚桐麗、丁平。2007。赤芝中三萜類成分及其藥理作用研究進展。中藥新藥與臨床藥理，18：168-172。
喬英、楊葉昆、董學暢、邱明華。2005。13C NMR在新型靈芝三萜類化合物的應用。波譜學雜誌，22(4)：437-456。
黃智璇、石曉、歐陽蒲月。2008。靈芝多醣調節血糖血脂作用的實驗研究。黑龍江醫藥，21(5)：39-41。
葉向花、楊勇岐。2007。靈芝栽培新技術。現代農業科技，16：46-46。
楊占濤、劉超、李月、黃平、徐永航。2008。靈芝多醣的研究現況。安徽農業科學，36(20)：8651-8652。
楊斌。2011。靈芝多醣降血糖作用及其機裡的研究。浙江大學食品科學與營養系碩士學位論文。浙江。中國。
廖仁宏。2002。固態培養生產靈芝菌絲體之研究。東海大學化學工程學系碩士學位論文。台中。台灣。
葉安義。2000。乾、濕磨及粒徑分佈對糯米穀粉擠出物物性之影響。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告。國立台灣大學食品科技研究所。
齊川、周慧、斯金平、劉京晶、張新鳳。2012。不同品種靈芝主要活性成分分析。中國實驗方劑學雜誌，17：96-100。
趙學偉、魏益民。2008。加工參數對擠壓膨化食品膨脹度的影響。糧食與飼料工業，1：24-26。
蔡淑瑤。2002。靈芝與柳松菇之抗氧化性質和其對腫瘤細胞之毒性及柳松菇之抗突變性質。國立中興大學食品科學系研究所碩士論文。台中。台灣。
蔡永艷、陳潔、王春、呂盈果。2011。米粉乾法生產公意的研究。河南工業大學學報(自然科學版)，32(1)：39-42。
劉金慶、張松、梅曉燈、楊小兵。2007。5種食藥用真菌複合提取物抗衰老的研究。華南師範大學學報，(4)：110-113。
劉鷺、呂加平、高艷紅。2009。酵母源性葡萄糖耐量因子(GTF)含量測定方法的研究。食品與發酵工業， 35：1404。
潘書毓。2002。台灣產山藥之酚類含量及抗氧化特性與加工影響。中國文化大學生活應用科學所碩士論文。台北。台灣。
潘善慶、劉曉銘、田洪、廖艷紅、張曉琴、沉宇平、李侍武。2007。富GIF啤酒酵母製品對糖尿病大鼠空腹血糖和糖耐受量的影響。中國生物製品學雜誌，20(8)：590-592。
謝明勇、陳奕。2006。微波萃取技術研究進展。食品與生物技術學報，25(1)： 105-114。
盧訓、呂政義。1989。不同研磨法對米粉理化性質之影響及米雪片之試製，食品科學，2：16-22。
盧振、陳金和、王雨來。2003。靈芝的研究及應用進展。時珍國醫國藥，14(9)：577-581。
鍾慧、陳怡靜、陳立奇。2011。妊娠糖尿病之診斷與治療。台灣醫學，15： 62-667。
鍾正銘。2012。擠壓猴頭菇螺旋米麵之研發。國立宜蘭大學 生物資源學院碩士在職專班碩士論文。宜蘭。台灣。
羅少洪、楊紅。2000。靈芝多醣調節血糖作用的實驗研究。廣東藥學院學報，16：115-119。
羅少洪、陳偉強、黃韜、楊紅。2005。靈芝多糖對高血脂大鼠血脂水平的影響。廣東藥學院學報，21(5)：589-590。
羅建成、史政海。2007。靈芝深層發酵工藝研究。化學與生物工程，24(10)： 41-46。
魏榮男、莊立民、林瑞雄、趙嘉玲、宋鴻樟。2002。1996-2000年台灣地區糖尿病盛行率與住院率。臺灣衛誌，21：173-181。
龔盛昭、楊卓如、曾海宇。2004。微波輔助法萃取當歸多糖的條件優化。食品與發酵工業，30(7)：125-128。
AOAC. 1984. Official Methods of Analysis of Association Official Analytical Chemists, 14th ed. The Association: Washington, DC.
Amato, P., Morales, A. J., and Yen, S. S. 2000. Effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on insulin sensitivity, serum lipids, and body composition in healthy, nonobese, older men and women. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences, 55: 260-3.
Adam, W.-C., and James, R.-S. 2009. Hypertension and insulin resistance. Editorial Commentary, 20: 77-80.
Abdulrahman, A. A. 2011. Diabetic retinopathy-An update. Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology, 25(2): 99-111.
Cefalu, W. and Hu, F. B. 2004. Role of chromium in human health and in diabetes. Diabetes Care, 27: 2741-27-51.
Chang, C. Y., Lue, M. Y. and Pan, T. M. 2005. Determination of adenosine, cordycepin and ergosterol. Contents in cultivated Antrodia camphorate by HPLC method. Journal of Food and Durg Analysis, 13: 38-42.
Chen, Y., Xie, M.-Y., and Gong, X.-F. 2007. Microwave-assisted extraction used for the isolation of total triterpenoid saponins from Ganoderma atrum. Journal of Food Engineering, 81(1): 162-170.
Chen, X.-P., Li, S.-B., Chen, Y.-G., Lan, J.-Y., and Liu, L.-P. 2009. Free radical scavenging of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides and its effect on antioxidant enzymes and immunity activities in cervical carcinoma rats. Carbohydrate Polymers, 77(2): 389-393.
Christel, Q. D., Bernard, G., Jacques, V., Thierry, D., Claude, B., Michel, L., Micheline, C., Francois, B., and Francis, T. 2000. Phenolic compounds and antioxident activities of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculenyum Moench) hulls and flour. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 72: 35-42.
DuDois, M., Gilles , K. A., Hamilton, J. K., Rebers, P. A., and Smith, F. 1956. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry, 28: 35-36.
Dziezak, J. D. 1986. Preservatives: antioxidant. Food Technology, 40: 94-102.
Dinis, T. C. P., Madeira, V. M. C., and Almeida, L. M. 1994. Action of phenolic derivatives (acetaminophen, salicylate, and 5-amino salicylate) as inhibitors of membrane lipid peroxidation and as peroxylradical scavengers. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 315: 161-169.
Ding, Q.-B., Ainsworth, P., Tucker, G., and Marson, H. 2005. The effect of extrusion conditions on the physicochemical properties and sensory characteristics of rice-based expanded snacks. Journal of Food Engineering, 66(3): 283-289.
Fang, Q.-H., Tang, Y.-J., and Zhong, J.-J. 2002. Significance of inoculation density control in production of polysaccharide and ganoderic acid by submerged culture of Ganoderma lucidumn. Process Biochemistry, 37: 1375-1379.
Fröjdö, S., Vidal, H. and Pirola, L. 2009. Alterations of insulin signaling in type 2 diabetes: A review of the current evidence from humans. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Molecular Basis of Disease, 17: 83-92.
Govindaraju, K., Ramasami, T., and Ramaswamy, D. 1989. Chromium(III)-insulin derivatives and their implication in glucose metabolism. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 35: 137-147.
Giese, J. 1996. Antioxidants: Tool for preventing lipid oxidation. Food Technology, 11: 72-82.
Guo, C.-Y. 1998. Review pharmacological effects from Ganoderma lucidum. Edible Fungi of China, 17(3): 34-35.
Gobchai, P., Suwannee. C., and Aporn, S. 1999. Diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance: 1997 criteria by the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus (ADA),1998 WHO Consultation criteria, and 1985 WHO criteria. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 44: 21-26.
Guo G., Jackson D. S., and Graybosch R. A. 2003. Asian salted noodle quality-impact of amylose content adjustments using waxy wheat flour.全國麵粉品質及麵製品科技會議論文集.
Halliwell, B., Murcia, M. A., Chirico, S., and Aruoma, O. I. 1995. Free radicals and antioxidants in food and in vivo: what they do and how they work. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 35 (1): 7-20.
Hisataka, T., Goji, H., Hiroshi, O., Koji, N., Yoshihiro, K., Michiaki, F., Satoshi, M., Masako, D., Mitsuhiro, O., Masataka, N., Naoto, N., and Toshikazu, Y. 2002. Polymorphisms of interferon-γ gene CA-Repeat and interleukin-10 promoter region (-592A/C) in Japanese type I diabetes. Human Immunology, 63(2): 121-128.
Hwang, H.-J., Kim, S.-W., Lim, J.-M., Joo, J.-H., Kim, H.-O., Kim, H.-M., and Yun, J.-W. 2005. Hypoglycemic effect of crude exopolysaccharides produced by a medicinal mushroom Phellinus baumii in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Life Sciences, 76(26): 3069-3080.
Huang, Y.-C., amd Lai, H.-M. 2010. Noodle quality affected by different cereal starches. Journal of Food Engineering, 97(2): 135-143.
Ilo, S., Liu, Y., and Berghofer, E. 1999. Extrusion cooking of rice flour and amaranth blends. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und-Technologie, 32(2): 79-88.
Juliano, B. O., and Bechtel, D. B. 1985. The rcie grain and its gross composition. Rice Chemistry and Technology, 17-57
Jomduang, S., and Mohamed, S. 1994. Effect of amylose/amylopectin content, milling methods, particle size, sugar, salt and oil on the puffed product characteristics of a traditional thai rice-based snack food(Khao Kriap Waue). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 65: 85-93.
Jia, J., Zhang, X., Hu, Y.-S., Wu, Y., Wang, Q.-Z., Li, N.-N., Guo, Q.-C., and Dong, X.-C. 2009. Evaluation of in vivo antioxidant activities of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides in STZ-diabetic rats. Food Chemistry, 115(1): 32-36.
Kubota, T., Asaka, Y., Miura, I and Mori, H. 1982. Structures of Ganoderic Acid A and B, Two New Lanostane Type Bitter Triterpenes fromGanoderma lucidum (FR.) KARST. Helvetica Chimica Acta, 65(2): 611-619.
Kino, K., Yamashita, K., Yamaoka, J., Watanabe, J., Tanaka, S., Ko, K., Shimizu, K., and Tsunoo, H. 1989. Isolation and characterization of a new immunomodulatory protein, ling zhi-8 (LZ-8), from Ganiderma lucidium. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 264(1): 472-478.
Kuo, M.-C., Weng, C.-Y., Ha, C.-L., and Wu, M.-J. 2006. Ganoderma lucidum mycelia enhance innate immunity by activating NF-κB. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 103(2): 217-222.
Ko, H. H., Hung, C. F., Wang, J. P., and Lin, C. N. 2008. Antiinflammatory triterpenoids and steroids from Ganoderma lucidum and G. tsugae. Phytochemistry, 69(1): 234-239.
Li, P.-Z., and Zhang, K.-C. 2000. Studies on pH controlled fermentation of bioactive expolysaccharides by Ganoderma lucidum. Microbiology, 27(1): 5-8.
Li, C.-L., Tsai, S.-T., and Chou, P. 2003. Relative role of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction in the progression to type 2 diabetes-The Kinmen Study. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 59(3): 225-232.
Liao, S.-F., Liang, C.-H., Ho, M.-Y., Hsu, T.-L., Tsai, T.-I.., Hsieh, S.-Y., Tsai, C.-M., Li, S.-T., Cheng, Y.-Y., Tsao, S.-M., Lin, T.-Y., Lin. Z.-Y., Yang, W.-B., Ren, C.-T., Lin, K.-I., Khoo, K.-H., Lin, C.-H., Lin, C.-H., Hsu, H.-Y., Wu, C.-Y., and Wang, C.-H. 2013. Immunization of fucose-containing polysaccharides from Reishi mushroom induces antibodies to tumor-associated Globo H-series epitopes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(34): 13809-13814.
Lin Z.-B., and Zhang, H.-N. 2004. Anti-tumor and immunoregulatory activites of Ganoderma lucidum and its possible mechanisms. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 25(11): 1387-1395.
Leandro, P. 2010. Effects of nutrients, pH and water potential on exopolysaccharides production by a fungal strain belonging to Ganoderma lucidum complex. Bioresource Technology, 101(6): 1941-1946.
Li, T-H., Hou, C-C., Chang, L-T., and Yang, W-C. 2011. Anti-Hyperglycemic Properties of Crude Extract and Triterpenes from Poria cocos. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 24: 1-8.
Mertz, W. 1998. Chromium research from a distance: from 1959 to 1980. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 17: 47-54.
Mogensen, C. E. 1984. Microalbuminuria predicts clinical proteinuria and early mortality in maturity-onest diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 310: 356-360.
Magnus, E. 2003. Development of Dynamic Microwave and Sonication Assisted Extraction Techniques Coupled On-Line to Gas Chromatography. Sweden : Stockholm University.
Mirsky, N. 2005. Gluose tolerance factor reduces blood glucose and free fatty acids level in diabetic rats. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 9: 123-128.
Meng, G., Zhu, H., Yang, S., Wu, F., Zheng, H., Chen, E., and Xu, J. 2011. Attenuating effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on myocardial collagen cross-linking relates to advanced glycation end product and antioxidant enzymes in high-fat-diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Carbohydrate Polymers, 84(1): 180-185.
Mahmood, S., Mozaffari, B. B., Abdelsayed, R., Liu, J.-Y., Hereward, W., and Rodriguez, W.-A. 2012. Renal and glycemic effects of high-dose chromium picolinate in db/db mice: assessment of DNA damage. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 23: 977-985.
Ma, C.-W., Feng, M.-Y., Zhai, X.-F., Hu, M.-H., You, L.-J., Luo, W., and Zhao, M. 2013. Optimization for the extraction of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum and their antioxidant and antiproliferative activities. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 9: 597-606.
Miroslav, V., Jelka, Z., Bojan, T., Betka, P., Jana, M., Metka, E. L., Marjana, P., and Sasa, R. 2013. Low prevalence of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in patients with diabetes mellitus. Pancreatology, 13(4): 343-346.
Namiki, M. 1990. Antioxidants/ antimutagens in foods. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 29: 273-300.
Nie, S.-P., Zhang, H., Li, W.-J., and Xie, M.-Y. 2013. Current development of polysaccharides from Ganoderma: Isolation, structure and bioactivities. Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre, 1:10-20.
Oyaizu, M. 1986. Antioxidative activity of browning products of glucosamine fractionated by organic solvent and thin-layer chromatography. Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi, 35: 771-775.
Pandey A. 2003. Solid-state fermentation. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 13: 81–84.
Pattar, G. R., Tackett, L., Liu, P. and Elmendorf, J. S. 2006. Chromium picolinate positively influences the glucose transporter system via affecting cholesterol homeostasis in adipocytes cultured under hyperglycemic diabetic conditions. Mutation Research, 610: 93-100.
Pei, D., Hsieh, C. H., Hung, Y. J., Li, J. C., Lee, C. H. and Kuo, S. W. 2006. The influence of chromium chloride-containing milk to glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Metabolism, Clinical and Experimental, 55: 92-97.
Pansawat, N., Jangchud, K., Jangchud, A., Wuttijumnong, P., Saalia, F. K., Eitenmiller, R. R., and Phillips, R. D. 2008. Effects of extrusion conditions on secondary extrusion variables and physical properties of fish, rice-based snacks. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 41(4): 632-641.
Pan, K., Jiang, Q., Liu, G., Miao, X., and Zhong, D. 2013. Optimization extraction of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides and its immunity and antioxidant activities. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 55: 301-306.
Shimada, K. Fujikawa, K. Yahara, K., and Nakamura, T. 1992. Antioxidative properties of xanthan on the autoxidation of soybean oil in cyclodextrin emulsion. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 40: 945-948
Shahidi, F. Janitha, P. K. and Wanasundara, P. D. 1992. Phenolic antioxidants. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 32: 676-703.
Striffler, J. S., Law, J. S., Polansky, M. M., Bhathena, S. J., and Anderson, R. A. 1995. Chromium improves insulin response to glucose in rats. Metabolism, 44: 131-142.
Sun, J., He, H., and Xie, B. J. 2004. Novel antioxidant peptides from fermented mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(21): 6646–6652.
Shi, Y.-L., Sun, J., He, H., Guo, H., and Zhang, S. 2008. Hepatoprotective effects of Ganoderma lucidum peptides against D-galactosamine-induced liver injury in mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 117: 415-419.
Sombatsompop, N., and Panaploy, M. D. 2002. Die geometry effects on the temperature profile measurements of flowing PP melt in a twin-screw extruder. Polymer Testing, 21(1): 17-25.
Seto, S. W., Lam, T. Y., Tam, H. L., Au, A. L. S., Chan, S. W., Wu, J. H., Yu, P. H. F., Leung, G. P. H., Ngai, S. M., Yeung, J. H. K., Leung, P. S., Lee, S. M. Y., and Kwan, Y. W. 2009. Novel hypoglycemic effects of Ganoderma lucidum water-extract in obese/diabetic (+db/+db) mice. Phytomedicine, 16(5): 426-436.
Takeshi, K., Shoichi, N., Jo, S., Yasunori, K., Yasuhiko, I., Masashi, K., Kisihio, N., Akira, S., Yutaka, S., Chikako, I., Kenji, S., Kyohei, N., and Takashi, K. 2002. Report of the Committee on the classification and diagnostic criteria of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 55: 65-85.
Tang, Y. J., and Zhong, J. J. 2009. Performance analyses of a pH-shift and DOT-shift integrated fed-batch fermentation process for the production of ganoderic acid and ganoderma polysaccharides by medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Bioresource Technology, 100: 18-29.
Toepfer, E. W., Mertz, W., Polansky, M. M., Roginski, E. E. and Wolf W. R. 1977. Preparation of chromium-containing material of glucose tolerance factor activity from brewer’s yeast extracts and by synthesis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 25: 16-26.
Toyokawa H., Rubenthaler G. L., and Powers J. R. 1989. Japanese noodle qualities. Starch components, 66: 387-391.
Tseng, Y.-H., and Mau, J.-L. 2007. Antioxidant Properties of Cold Water Extracts from Ganoderma tsugae. Fungal Science, 22(1-2): 13-23.
Tseng, Y.-H., Yang, J.-H., and Mau, J.-L. 2008. Antioxidant properties of polysaccharides from Ganoderma tsugae. Food Chemistry, 107: 732-738.
Vincent, J. B. 2001. The bioinorganic chemistry of chromium (III). Polyhedron, 20: 12-16.
Varavinit S., Sholosngob S., and Warunce V. 2003. Effect of amylose content on gelatinization, retogradation and pasting properties of flours from different cultivars of thai rice. Starch/Stärk, 55(9): 410-415.
Wang, S.-Y., Hsu, M.-L., Hsu, H.-C., Tzeng, C.-H., Lee, S.-S., Shiao, M.-S., and Ho, C.-K. 1997. The anti-tumor effect of Ganoderma lucidum is mediated by cytokines released from activated microphages and T lymphocytes. International Journal of Cancer, 70(6): 699-705.
Wang, J., Zhang, J., Wang, X., Zhao, B., Wu, Y., and Yao, J. 2009. A comparison study on microwave-assisted extraction of Artemisia sphaerocephala polysaccharides with conventional method: Molecule structure and antioxidant activities evaluation. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 45: 483–492.
Wu D.-X., Shu Q.-Y., and Xia Y.-W. 2001. Rapid indentification of starch viscosity property of early indica rice varieties with different appearent amylose content by RVA profile. Chinese Journal of Rice Science, 15: 57-59.
Xu, Y.-N., and Zhong, J.-J. 2012. Impacts of calcium signal transduction on the fermentation production of antitumor ganoderic acids by medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Biotechnology Advances, 30(6): 1301-1308.
Yang, F.-C., Ke, Y.-F., and Kuo, S.-S. 1998. Effect of fatty acids on the mycelial growth and polysaccharide. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 27: 295-301.
Yen, G. C., and Wu, J. Y. 1999. Antioxidant and radical scavenging properties of extracts from Ganoderma tsugae. Food Chemistry, 65(3): 375–379.
Yin., M.-C. 2012. Anti-glycative potential of triterpences: A mini-review. Biomedicine, 2, 2-9.
Zavaron, I., Bonora, E., Pagliara, M., Dallaglio, E., Luchetti, L., Buonanno, G., Bonati, P. A., Bergonzani, M., Gnudi, L., Passeri, M., and Reaven, G. 1989. Risk factors for coronary artery disease in healthy persons with hyperinsulinemia and normal glucose tolerance. The New England Journal of Medicine, 320: 702-706.
Zhang, W.-M., Sun, X.-M., and Wu, S.-L. 2001. Studies on the regulation of the blood fat function of Ganoderma lucidum spores powder. Chinese Wild Plant Resources, 20(2): 14-16.
Zeng, X.-L., Bao, H.-Y. 2004. Advances of Researches on triterpene constituents and pharmacology of Ganoderma lucidum. Journal of Fungi Research, 2(1): 68-77.
Zhao, L., Dong, Y., Chen, G., and Hu, Q. 2010. Extraction, purification, characterization and antitumor activity of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum. Carbohydrate Polymers, 80(3): 783-789.