臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究之目的乃在建立一種可真實反應集水區地形結構及分布逕流歷程等特性之分布型降雨─逕流模式，冀以提供本省中、上游集水區降雨─逕流模擬之應用。
在集水區地形模擬方面，本研究採用三角形不規則網格(Triangulated Irregular Networks, TIN)數值地形模式，將集水區劃分為若干小分區，提供降雨─逕流模式所需之分布型地文參數。然而，眾多三角網格所構成之坡地元件實隱藏著複雜多變之漫地流流路，對降雨─逕流模式之建立上帶來一大問題。本研究則嘗試將原始漫地流流路予以保留，輔以電腦程式自動化建構分布型降雨─逕流模式所需之地文資料，期以更有效率且精確之方法解決此一應用上之瓶頸。
文中首先利用地理資訊系統套裝軟體(ARC/INFO)建立具研究區域地形變化代表性之點圖層(VIP)，以及該集水區之河川網路與邊界兩圖層，透過此三種圖層建構代表該區域地形變化之三角形不規則網格；其次，藉由三角形不規則網格彼此之位向關係建立一組資料儲存格式，以便將集水區中所有劃分之小分區予以串接，進而建立三角網格之上下游關係；再者，以運動波理論為基礎，配合三角網格之各種地文資料，進行漫地流與河渠流之有限差分演算，求得集水區出流口之逕流量；最後，嘗試以最佳參數平均值法、整體最佳參數優選法以及模糊規劃參數優選法等方式進行模式之參數優選，並評估此三種參數優選方法之可行性。
研究中所建立三角形不規則網格之分布型降雨─逕流模式，以大漢溪流域之橫溪上游集水區九場颱洪事件，分別以三種參數優選方法所得之最佳參數代入模式中進行模擬，均獲致令人滿意之結果，故研究中所提出之參數優選概念應屬可行。本模式亦可用於推估中上游集水區颱洪事件逕流之分布歷程，提供台灣坡地集水區防洪規劃治理時之參考應用。

The objective of this study is to establish and evaluate a distributed rainfall-runoff model based on triangulated irregular networks (TIN). Because of reflecting real terrain as a distributed runoff process, this model should be able to provide a better application for rainfall-runoff simulation of upland watersheds.
The triangulated irregular networks digital terrain model (TIN-DTM) is used to divide the project watershed and provides topographic data, which the model needs in the topographic analysis system. When developing a distributed rainfall-runoff model with the TIN-DTM, the most difficult problem is that there are too many overland flow paths to calculate. Therefore, this study suggests that the original overland flow paths should be reserved, and use FORTRAN programs to set up an available configuration of topographic data automatically. It provides a more accurate and efficient way to solve this problem.
To establish a distributed rainfall-runoff model with TIN-DTM, there are two major processes. First, ARC/INFO software of Geographic Information System is used to create three kinds of coverage: stream networks coverage, boundary coverage and very important point (VIP) coverage to represent the topographic variation of a basin. The TIN of the project area can be established by using these coverages. Each triangle in the TIN-DTM is depicted by three sets of data catalog, which are used to specify water flow direction and connect every triangle according to their topographic relations. Second, the kinematic wave model with finite-difference approximations is used to calculate the overland and channel flow of the basin.
The parameters of this model are determined by three parameter optimization methods. That includes the mean of every optimum parameter, the optimum parameters of total examining events and the fuzzy programming parameter optimization, respectively. The second and the third methods have a new concept of the parameter optimization: all examining issues are regarded as a unity. The feasibility of these three optimization methods is assessed in order to examine their applicability in this model.
The model as well as the parameter optimization methods established in this study is applied to Heng-Chi upstream watershed, a tributary of Tanshui River Basin, and the simulation results are very satisfactory. Therefore, the concept of parameter optimizations suggested in this study is adequate and practical. This model, moreover, provides a new approach to flood forecast and management of hillside watersheds in Taiwan.

摘 要 I
ABSTRACTII
目 錄 IV
圖 錄 VI
表 錄 X
第一章緒論 1
一、研究動機與方法 1
二、文獻回顧 2
第二章三角形不規則網格之相關理論 7
一、Delaunay三角網格 7
二、三角網格之坡向理論 13
第三章運動波理論15
一、Saint-Venant方程式15
二、運動波模式21
第四章模式之建立24
一、三角形不規則網格地形模式 24
二、降雨-逕流模式29
第五章參數優選 40
一、模糊規劃理論40
二、模式參數最佳化49
第六章模式檢定與驗證54
一、研究區域簡介54
二、資料蒐集與整理54
三、研析步驟 55
四、參數之敏感度分析56
五、模式適合性檢定57
第七章結果與討論59
第八章結論與建議65
一、結論 65
二、建議 66
參考文獻 67
謝 誌 71
附 圖 73
附 表 91
簡 歷 100

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