臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

　　中文詞素「上」與「下」都有涵蓋多方面的用法。他們不僅可以用來描述空間的垂直方位，也可表達時間、所有權、或其他許多方面的抽象觀念。多重詞類也是「上」與「下」的特性之一。「上」與「下」都可以當處所詞（後置詞）、動詞、限定詞、及形容詞；「下」更有量詞的用法。本論文欲探究得知在「上」的各種語意間，以及「下」的各種語意間，是不是存在著一種特殊的關係？存在著何種關係？
　　本論文首先假設「上」與「下」為二個多義字（polysemy），接著呈現出語意間有系統的相互關係來證明假設成立。語意分析採用認知語意學中的研究方法，例如原形理論（prototype theory）及意象基模（image schema）皆是有用的分析工具。
　　研究結果顯示在「上」的各種語意中有一個最基本的中心語意（prototypical sense）。在「下」的各種語意中，也有一個最基本的中心語意。此基本語意是其他各種語意的起源。藉由譬喻（metaphorical extension）、轉喻（metonymy）或意象基模的轉形（image schema transformation）等方法，此基本語意以輻射狀向外驅動衍生出（motivate）其他各種語意。

　　'Shang' and 'xia' in Mandarin are a pair of morphemes that cover a wide range of uses. They are used to describe not only vertical spatial orientation but slso abstract relations such as temporal or possessive relations. Besides semantic versatility, 'shang' and 'xia' are also characterized by syntactic complexity: 'shang' canbe used as a localizer (a post-position), a verb, a deetrminative, and an adjective; 'xia', as a localizer (a post-position), a verb, a determinative, an adjective and a measure. The nature of the semantic relationship among the varions senses of 'shang' and amog the various senses of 'xia' is the interest of this thesis.
　　'Shang' and 'xia' are hypothesized to be two polysemous words. Evidence is provided in support of the hypothesis by presenting the core-periphery prototype structures of the two polysemous words. With the help of fesearch in non-objectivist approaches to semantics, the problem of polysem is tackled. Among non-objectivist approaches, the prototype approach and image schemas are the skeleton of the analysis.
　　The results show that systematic relationship among the various senses of 'shang' and 'xia' each constitute a radial category. In the radial category of both 'shang ' and 'xia', the prototypical schema is verticality, which motivates other non-prototypical schemas by metaphorical extension, metonymy, or image schema transformations.