臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究之目的旨在探討飼糧不同脂肪酸組成對雛鵝脂質代謝之影響。本研究分為兩個試驗進行，試驗一以椰子油及大豆油調配試驗飼糧，分別為（A）3.4％椰子油+0.1％大豆油、（B）2.9％椰子油+0.6％大豆油、（C）2.2％椰子油+1.3％大豆油、（D）0.6％椰子油+2.9％大豆油，經分析飼糧之飽和脂肪酸（SFA）/不飽和脂肪酸（USFA）比例分別為：1.46、1.02、0.78、0.33；試驗二以葵花油及亞麻仁油調配試驗飼糧，分別為（A）4％亞麻仁油、（B）3％亞麻仁油+1％葵花油、（C）2％亞麻仁油+2％葵花油、（D）4％葵花油，經分析飼糧之n-3/n-6比例分別為1.16、0.78、0.53、0.02。兩個試驗之飼糧代謝能均為2900 kcal/Kg，粗蛋白質均為20％，飼料與飲水採任食，試驗期為三週，採籠飼飼養；在試驗期結束時犧牲鵝隻，採取血液、肝臟及腹部脂肪塊，以供分析血漿及肝臟中之三酸甘油酯、總膽固醇及總脂質含量，並測定肝臟脂質合成相關酵素活性，以及分析肝臟及腹脂之脂肪酸組成。
試驗一之結果顯示，飼糧中不飽和脂肪酸含量增加，對於雛鵝之隻日增重、飼料採食量及飼料效率，均無顯著之影響(P>0.05)，但飼糧中不飽和脂肪酸含量之增加，則使肝臟重量（P<0.01）及肝臟相對重量均顯著降低（P<0.001），但對腹脂重量及相對腹脂重量無明顯之影響。肝臟脂質合成相關酵素之脂肪酸合成酶（FAS）活性，會因飼糧中不飽和脂肪酸含量的增加而降低（P<0.01）。飼糧中不飽和脂肪酸含量增加會降低肝臟中總膽固醇含量（P<0.01），而血漿中三酸甘油酯含量隨飼糧中不飽和度提高而降低（P<0.01）。隨著飼糧中不飽和脂肪酸含量之增加，肝臟中C14:0及C18:0脂肪酸含量亦隨之增加（P<0.001），而肝臟中飽和脂肪酸含量（P<0.01）及SFA/USFA比例（P<0.05）則隨飼糧中飽和脂肪酸含量之降低而降低；腹脂中C12:0、C14:0脂肪酸含量、總飽和脂肪酸及SFA/USFA比例均隨飼糧中SFA/USFA比例之降低而降低（P<0.001）。
試驗二之結果顯示，飼糧中n-3/n-6脂肪酸比例提高，對於雛鵝隻日採食量、隻日增重及飼料效率均無顯著之影響（P>0.05），而肝臟重量及腹脂重量在各處理組間亦無顯著差異（P>0.05）。在肝臟之脂質合成相關酵素活性方面，乙醯輔酶A羧化酶（ACC）（P<0.05）、FAS（P<0.001）、NADP-蘋果酸去氫酶（NADP-MDH）（P<0.01）及葡萄糖-6-磷酸去氫酶（G-6-PDH）（P<0.05）活性均隨飼糧中n-3/n-6脂肪酸比例之提高而降低。肝臟中三酸甘油酯及總膽固醇之含量均隨飼糧中n-3/n-6脂肪酸比例提高而降低（P<0.05），血漿中三酸甘油酯含量亦會隨飼糧中n-3/n-6脂肪酸比例之提高而降低（P<0.01）。雛鵝肝臟中C18:3n-3脂肪酸及總n-3脂肪酸含量隨飼糧中總n-3脂肪酸含量增加而增加（P<0.05），腹脂中C18:2n-6及總n-6脂肪酸含量隨飼糧中n-6脂肪酸含量降低而降低（P<0.001），C18:3n-3、總n-3脂肪酸及n-3/n-6脂肪酸比例隨飼糧中n-3/n-6脂肪酸比例增加而增加（P<0.001）。綜合以上結果，顯示飼糧中脂肪酸之組成會影響鵝的脂質代謝。

The object of this study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary fatty acid composition on lipid metabolism of goslings. Two experiments were designed in this study. In experiment Ⅰ, the saturated fatty acid (SFA)/ unsaturated fatty acid (USFA) ratios in the diets were: (A)1.46; (B) 1.02; (C) 0.78; (D) 0.33. In experiment Ⅱ, the n-3/n-6 fatty acid (FA) ratios in the diets were: (A) 1.16; (B) 0.78; (C) 0.53; (D) 0.02. All experimental diets were formulated to be both isocaloric and isonitrogenous, containing CP 20％, ME 2900 kcal/kg. Goslings were housed in wire cages for a three-week experimental period, feed and water were supplied ad libitum. At the end of the experiment, liver and abdominal fat pad were removed. The concentrations of triglyceride, total cholesteral and total lipid in the plasma and liver, and hepatic lipogenic enzyme activities, and the fatty acid composition in the liver and abdominal fat were analysed.
The results of experiment Ⅰ indicated that the USFA levels in dietary fat did not affect body weight, feed intake and feed efficiency (P>0.05). Liver weight (P<0.01) and relative liver weight (P<0.001) decreased with increase of dietary USFA supplementation, but it didn’t affect abdominal fat weight and relative abdominal fat weight. The activity of fatty acid synthetase (FAS), one of lipogenic related key enzymes in liver, was linearly decreased as the dietary USFA level increased (P<0.01). The content of total cholesterol in the liver tended to decrease while dietary USFA level increased (P<0.01). The increase of dietary USFA level reduced the content of triglyceride in plasma (P<0.01).The concentrations of fatty acids, C14:0 and C18:0, increased as dietary USFA supplementation enhanced (P<0.001). The total SFA content (P<0.01) and the ratio of SFA/USFA (P<0.05) in liver decreased when dietary SFA level reduced. In abdominal fat, C12:0、C14:0 fatty acid concentrations、total saturated fatty acid and the ratio of SFA/USFA decreased while the ratio of SFA/USFAin diets decreased (P<0.001).
In experiment Ⅱ, the results indicated that the dietary n-3 FA levels did not affect body weight, feed intake and feed efficiency (P>0.05), and it didn’t affect liver weight and abdominal fat weight (P>0.05) either. The activities of lipogenic related enzyme, including acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) (P<0.05), FAS (P<0.001), NADP-malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH) (P<0.01) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) (P<0.05), decreased with the ratio of dietary n-3/n-6 PUFA enhanced. Dietary n-3 FA level increased significantly decreased the contents of triglyceride and total cholestero in the liver (P<0.05), and it also decreased the contents of triglyceride in the plasma (P<0.01). The C18:3n-3 fatty acid and total n-3 FA concentrations in the liver increased as dietary n-3 FA supplementation increased (P<0.05). In abdominal fat, the C18:2n-6 and total n-6 FA concentrations decreased as dietary n-6 FA supplementation decreased (P<0.001). C18:3n-3, total n-3 FA and the ratio of dietary n-3/n-6 FA increased when dietary n-3/n-6 FA ratio increased. Therefore, the composition of dietary fatty acid could affect the lipid metabolism of goslings.

中文摘要 I
英文摘要 I
壹、前言 1
貳、文獻檢討 3
一、脂肪酸之分類與定義 3
二、家禽之脂質代謝 5
（一）脂質生成作用 5
（二）脂質生成作用之部位 9
（三）脂質之運輸與蓄積 10
（四）家禽對脂質之消化與吸收 14
三、影響家禽體脂肪生成之因子 16
（一）飼料營養因子 16
（二）遺傳因素 21
（三）環境與飼養因素 22
（四）內分泌因素 24
（五）毒素因素 25
四、日糧中油脂飽和程度對家禽之影響 26
參、材料與方法 28
一、試驗設計與試樣採取 28
二、測定項目與分析方法 34
(一)飼料中一般化學組成分之分析 34
(二)生長性狀 34
(三)血液性狀 34
(四)肝臟脂質成分之測定 38
(五)脂肪酸組成之測定 41
(六)肝臟脂質合成相關酵素活性之測定 43
三、統計分析 47
肆、結果與討論 48
一、生長性狀 48
二、肝臟中脂質合成相關酵素之活性 51
三、肝臟與血漿中各種脂質成分之含量 56
四、脂肪酸組成 63
伍、結論 70
陸、參考文獻 71

陸、參考文獻
王勝德。1993。台灣土雞與白肉雞生長性能、屠體性狀與肌肉品質差異之研究。碩士論文。國立中興大學。
白火城。1990。強制灌食與動情素處理誘發土番鴨脂肪肝之動物模式研究。博士論文。國立台灣大學。
白秋菊。1991。日糧油脂含量對台灣土雞腹部脂肪組織發育之影響。碩士論文。國立中興大學。
杞文慈。2004。公雞去勢及埋植外原睪固酮對脂質生成代謝及相關內泌素之影響。碩士論文。國立嘉義大學。
林秋郁。1994。酒精對土番鴨肝臟及血液成分之影響。碩士論文。國立中興大學。
林美峰。1991。影響雛土番鴨脂質代謝的因素。博士論文。國立台灣大學。
許富忠。1992。飼糧纖維含量對生長鵝肝臟脂質蓄積及脂質合成相關酵素活性之影響。碩士論文。國立中興大學。
連塗發。2000。任飼與禁食情況下菜鴨之脂質代謝。博士論文。國立中興大學。
陳盈豪。1991。日糧纖維對生長鵝生長性狀、腸道發酵與纖維素酶活性之影響。碩士論文。國立中興大學。
陳添福。2003。飼糧多不飽和脂肪酸與α-生育醇對產蛋菜鴨之質代謝與蛋品質之影響。博士論文。國立中興大學。
陳運雄。1991。日糧中不同熱能來源對台灣土雞肝臟脂質合成相關酵素活性之影響。碩士論文。國立中興大學。
楊明珠。1992。飼料中多不飽和/飽和脂肪酸比對肉雞體之含量及能量代謝之影響。碩士論文。東海大學。
劉福文。2001。環境溫度與飼糧中添加維生素E或抗壞血酸對台灣土雞脂質代謝之影響。碩士論文。國立中興大學。
蔡侑男。1993。環境溫度對台灣土雞產蛋性狀、肝臟脂質蓄積與脂質合成相關酵素活性之影響。碩士論文。國立中興大學。
蔡智恆。2004。去勢及睪固酮埋植對公雞生長、能量蓄積及臟器組織耗能之影響。國立中興大學。
賴銘癸。1991。不同品種鵝隻肝臟脂質合成相關酵素活性及血液組成與脂肪肝形成相關性之研究。碩士論文。國立中興大學。
藍傑獻。2000。不同飼糧油脂來源、比例及α-生育醇含量對蛋黃中n-3和n-6多不飽和脂肪酸含量之影響。碩士論文。國立中興大學。
Abrams, M. A., and C. Cooper. 1976. Mechanisms of increased hepatic intake of unesterified fatty acid from serum of ethanol treated rat. Biochem. J. 156：47-54.
Addis, P. B., and J. Romans. 1989. The omega-3 fatty acid story. Reciprocal Meat Conference Proceedings 42：41-48.
Ajuyah, A. H., K. H. Lee, R. T. Hardin, and J. S. Sim. 1991. Changes in the yield and in the fatty acid composition of whole carcass and selected meat portions of broiler chickens fed full-fat oil seeds. Poultry Sci. 70：2304-2314.
Akiba, Y., H. Miura, and M. Horiguchi. 1987. Lipid accumulation and lipid metabolism in liver and adipose tissue and plasma corticosterone concentration of broiler chicks fed different protein source or NKK-100. Jpn. Poult. Sci. 24（4）：220-229.
Akiba, Y., K. Takahashi, M. Ikmura, S. I. Hirama, and T. Matsumoto, 1983. The influence of environmental temperature, thyroid status and a synthetic estrogen on the induction of fatty liver in chicks. Br. Poult. Sci. 24：71-80.
Akiba, Y., T. Aoki, M. Toyomizu, and M. Horiguchi. 1989. Effect of dietary protein, carbohydrate and fat on hepatic lipid accumulation in estrogenized, Starred-refed chicks. Jpn. Poult. Sci. 26：1-9.
Alao, S. J., and D. Balnave. 1985. Nutritional significance of different fat sources for growing broilers. Poultry Sci. 64：1602-1604.
An, B. K., C. Banno, Z. S. Xia, K. Tanaka, and S. Ohtani. 1997. Effects of dietary fat sources on lipid metabolism in growing chicks（Gallus domesticus）. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 116B：119-125.
An, B. K., K. Tanaka, and S. Ohtani. 1995. Effects of various n-3/n-6 fatty acid ratios in diet on lipid metabolism in growing chicks. Jpn. Anim. Sci. Technol. 66：830-840.
Awad, A. B., L. L. Bernardis, and C. S. Fink. 1990. Failure to demonstrate an effect of dietary fatty acid composition on body weight, body composition and parameters of lipid metabolism in mature rats. J. Nutr. 120：1277-1282.
Bannister, D. W., I. E. O’Neill, and C. Whitehead. 1983. The effect of biotin deficiency and dietary protein content on lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis and related enzyme activities in chick liver. Br. J. Nutr. 50：291-302.
Barbato, G. F.. 1992. Genetic architecture of carcass composition in chickens. Poultry Sci. 71：789-797.
Bartov, I.. 1979. Nutritional factors affecting quality of carcass fat in chickens. Fed. Proc. 38：2627-2630.
Bartov, I.. 1985. Effect of dietary protein concentration and corticosterone inestion on energy and nitrogen balances and fat deposition in broiler chicks. Br. Poult. Sci. 26：311-324.
Bavelaar, F. J., and A. C. Beynen. 2003. Relationships between dietary fatty acid composition and either melting point or fatty acid profile of adipose tissue in broilers. Meat Sci. 64：133-140.
Benson, J. D., and A. Bensadonou. 1977. Response of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase to fasting in the chicken and the rat：A species difference. J. Nutr. 107：90.
Bogin, E., Y. Avider, M. Merom, B. A. Isreal, M. Malkinson, S. Soback and Y. Kudler. 1984. Biochemical changes associated with fatty liver in geese. Avian. Pathol. 13: 683.
Bradford, M. M.. 1976. A rapid and sensitive for the quantization of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analyist Biochem. 72：248-254.
Braganza, A. F., R. A. Peterson, and R. J. Cenedella. 1973. The effect of heat and glucagons on the plasma glucose and free fatty acid of the domestic fowl. Poultry Sci. 52：58-63.
Brake, J., G. B. Harenstein, S. E. Scheideler, P. R. Ferket, and D. V. Rives. 1993. Relationship of sex, age, and body weight to broiler carcass yield and offal production. Poultry Sci. 72：1137-1145.
Bryden, W. L., and R. B. Cumming. 1980. Observation on the liver of chicken following aflatoxin B1 ingestion. Avian Pathology 9：551.
Bryden, W. L., R. B. Cumming, and D. Balnave. 1979. The influence of vitamin A status on the response of chickens to aflatoxin B1 and changes in liver lipid metabolism associated with aflatoxicosis. Br. J. Nutr. 41：529.
Budowski, P., and M. A. Crawford. 1985. α-linolenic acid as a regulator of the metabolism of arachidonic acid：dietary implications of the ratio, n-6：n-3 fatty acids. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 44：221.
Calabotta, D. F., J. A. Cherry, P. B. Siegel, and D. E. Jones. 1985. Lipogenesis and lipolysis in fed and fasted chicks form high and low body weight lines. Poultry Sci. 64：700-704.
Calabotta, D. F., J. A. Cherry, P. B. Siegel, and E. M. Gregory. 1983. Lipogenesis and lipolysis in normal and dwarf chickens from lines-selected for high and low body weight. Poultry Sci. 62：1830-1837.
Cerniglia, G. J., J. A. Hebert, and A. B. Watts. 1983. The effect of constant ambient temperature and ration on the performance of sexed broilers. Poultry Sci. 62：746-754.
Chanmugan, P., M. Boudreau, R. S. Park, J. Hebert, L. Berrio, and D. H. Hwang. 1992. Incorporation of different types of n-3 fatty acids into tissue lipids of poultry. Poultry Sci. 71：516-521.
Clarke, S. D., and D. B. Jump. 1993. Regulation of gene transcription by polyunsaturated fatty acids. Prog. Lipid Res. 32: 139-149.
Clarke, S. D., M. K. Armstrong, and D. B. Jump. 1990. Dietary polyunsaturated fats uniquely suppress rat liver fatty acid synthetase and S14 mRNA content. J. Nutr. 120：225-231.
Conn, E. E., P. K. S. G. Bruening, and R. H. Dol. 1987. Outline of Biochemistry, 5thed.. Wiley Press. New York.
Coon, C. N., W. A. Becker, and J. V. Spencer. 1981. The effect of feeding high energy diets containing supplemental fat on broiler weight gain, feed efficiency and carcass composition. Poultry Sci. 60：1264-1271.
Crespo, N., and E. Esteve-Garcia. 2001. Dietary fatty acid profile modifies abdominal fat deposition in broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 80：71-78.
Crespo, N., and E. Esteve-Garcia. 2002a. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids decease fat deposition in separable fat depots but not in the remainder carcass. Poultry Sci. 81：512-518.
Crespo, N., and E. Esteve-Garcia. 2002b. Nutrient and fatty acid deposition in broilers fed different dietary fatty acid profile. Poultry Sci. 81：1533-1542.
Crespo, N., and E. Esteve-Garcia. 2002c. Dietary linseed oil produces lower abdominal fat deposition but higher de novo fatty acid synthesis in broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 81：1555-1562.
Cryer, A.. 1981. Tissue lipoprotein lipase activity and its action in lipoprotein metabolism. Int. J. Biochem. 13：525-541.
Daggy, B., C. Arost, and A. Bensadoun. 1987. Dietary fish oil decreases VLDL production rates. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 220: 153-160.
De Smet, S., E. C. Weed, E. Claeys, L. Uytterhaegen, and D. I. Demeyer. 2000. Effect of intramuscular fat in double-muscled Belgian Blue bulls. Meat Sci. 56：73-79.
Deaton, J. W., F. N. Reece, and W. J. Tarver. 1969. Hematocrit, hemoglobin and plasma protein levels of broilers reared under constant temperatures. Poultry Sci. 68：1993-1996.
Deaton, J. W., J. L. McNaughton, and B. D. Lott. 1983. The effect of dietary energy levels and broiler body weight on abdominal fat. Poultry Sci. 62: 2394-2397.
Deaton, J. W., L. F. Kubena, T. C. Chen, and F. N. Reece. 1974. Factors influencing the quantity of abdominal fat in broilers. 2. Cage versus floor rearing. Poultry Sci. 60：1250-1253.
Debry, G., and X. Pelletier. 1991. Physiological importance of ω-3/ω-6 polyunssaturated fatty acids in man. An overview of still unresolved and controversial questions. Experientia. 47：172-178.
Donalson, W. E.. 1990. Lipid metabolism in liver of chick：Response to feeding. Poultry Sci. 69：1183-1187.
Donalson, W. E., H. T. Tung, and P. B. Halmiton. 1972. Depressof fatty acid synthesis in chick liver（Gallus Domesticus）by aflatoxin. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 41B：843.
Donalson, W. E.. 1985a. Biotin effect on fatty acid synthesis in chicks. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 447：105-111.
Donalson, W. E.. 1985b. Lipogenesis and body fat in chicks: effects of calorie-protein ratio and dietary fat. Poultry Sci. 6：1199-1204.
Dubois, C., L. Cara, P. Borel, M. Senft, H. Portugal, P. M. Bernard, H. Lafont, and D. Lairon. 1993. Cereal dietary fibers affect post-induced lipoproteins in healthy human subjects. Carbohydrate Polymers 21：189-194.
Eder, K. and M. Kirchgessner. 1998. The effect of dietary vitamin E supply and a moderately oxidized oil on activities of hepatic lipogenic enzymes in rats. Lipids 33:277-283.
Ender, K., H. J. Papstein, K. Nürnberg, and J. Wegner. 1997. Muscle and fat related characteristics of grazing steers and lambs in extensive systems. In：Proc. EU-workshop on ‘Effect of extensification on animal performance and product quality’. Belgium.
Evans, A. J.. 1972. In vitro lipogenesis in the liver and adipose tissue of the female Aylesbury duck at different ages. Br. Poult. Sci. 13：595-602.
Folch, J., M. Lees, and G. H. Slonestanley. 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipid from animal tissue. J. Biol. Chem. 226: 497-509.
Fortin, A., A. A. Grunder, J. R. Chambers, and R. M. C. Hamilton. 1983. Live and carcass characteristics of four strains of male and female geese slaughtered at 173, 180 and 194 days of age. Poultry Sci. 62：1217-1223.
Fring, C. S., and R. T. Dunn. 1970. A colorimetric method for determination of total serum lipids based on the sulfo-phospho-vanillin reaction. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 53: 89-91.
Garg, M. L., A. B. R. Thomson, and M. T. Clandinin. 1990. Interactios of saturated, n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to modulate arachidonic acid metabolism. J. Lipid Res. 31：271-277.
Garg, M. L., E. Sebokoba, A. A. Wierzbicki, A. B. R. Thomson, and M. T. Clandinin. 1988. Differential effects of dietary linoleic and α-linolenic acid on lipid metabolism in rat tissues. Lipids 23：847-852.
Garlich, J. D., J. D. Olson, W. E. Huff, and P. B. Hamilton. 1975. Liver lipid content of twenty varieties of laying hens from three confinement systems. Poultry Sci. 54: 806-813.
Garrido, G., M. Guzmán, and J. M. Odriozola. 1996. Effects of physical training on fatty acid metabolism in liver and skeletal muscle of rats fed four different high-carbohydrate diets. Nutri. Biochem. 7：348-355.
Goodridge, A. G.. 1973. Regulation of fatty acid synthesis in isolated hepatocyte: Evidence for a physiological role for long chain fatty acyl coenzyme A. J. Biol. Chem. 248:4318-4327.
Goodridge, A. G., and E. G. Ball. 1966. Lipogenesis in the pigeon：In vitro studies. Am. J. Physiol. 211：803-809.
Goodridge, A. G., and E. G. Ball. 1967. Lipogenesis in the pigeon：In vitro studies. Am. J. Physiol. 213：245-253.
Goodridge, A. G.. 1968. The effect of starvation and starvation followed by feeding on enzyme activity and the metabolism of （u-14C）glucose in liver from growing chicks. Biochem. J. 108：667-669.
Gordon, E. R.. 1972. Effect of an intoxicating dose of ethanol on lipid metabolism in an isolated perfused rat liver. Biochem. Pharmacol. 21：2991-3004.
Griffin, H., and D. Hermier. 1988. Plasma lipoprotein metabolism and fattening in poultry. In：Leanness in domestic bird, genetic, metabolic and hormonal aspects. Leclercq, B. and C. C. Whitehead, eds. Wellington.
Griffin, H. D., K. Guo, D. Windsor, and S. C. Butterwith. 1992. Adipose tissue lipogenesis and fat deposition in leaner broiler chickens. J. Nutr. 122：363-368.
Griffith, M., A. J. Olinde, R. Schexnailder, R. F. Davenport, and W. F. McKnight. 1969. Effect of choline, methionine and vitamin B12 on liver fat, egg production and egg weight in hens. Poultry Sci. 48：2610-2172.
Grunder, A. A., B. Pawluczuk, A. Fortin, and J. R. Chambers. 1989. Heritabilities and phenotypic and genetic correlations of live and carcass traits and carcass parts in ganders. Archiv fiir Gefliigelkunde, 53:157-162. (Polish)
Grunder, A. A., N. G. A. Cave, B. Pawluczuk, G. Butler, and L. M. Poste. 1991. Influence of breed, finisher diet, age and sex on liveweight and carcass traits of broiler geese. Archiv fiir Gefliigelkunde 55：148-152.
Grundy, S. M., and M. A. Denke. 1990. Dietary influences on serum lipids and lipotroteins. J. Lipid Res. 31：1149-1172.
Hamilton, P. B., and J. D. Garlich. 1970. Aflatoxin as a possible cause of fatty liver syndrome in laying hens. Poultry Sci. 50：800-804.
Halperin, M. L., and B. H. Robinson. 1970. The role of the cytoplasmic redox potential in the control in the control of fatty acid synthesis from glucose, puruvate and lactate in white adipose tissue. Biochem. J. 116：235-240.
Harris, W. S.. 1989. Fish oil and plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in humans：critical review. J. Lipid Res. 30：785-789.
Hartfiel, W., E. Greuel, and H. Grassmann. 1970a. Weitere ergebnisse zum fettlebersyndrom bei legehennen. Arch. Für Geflügelk. 5：190-193.
Hartfiel, W., E. Greuel, and R. M. Wegner. 1970b. Untersuchungen zum fettlebersyndrom vergleich von boden und kafighältung. Arch. Für Geflügelk. 4：140-143.
Hasegawa, S.. 1987. Regulation mechanism of fat deposition in chickens. Jpn. J. Zootech. Sci. 58：91-100.
Hayashi, K., S. Kukita, M. Mukal, M. Toyomizu, and Y. Tomita. 1990. Effect of dietary thyroxine on muscle protein metabolism and abdominal fat content in broiler chicken in hot and moderate environments. Jpn. J. Zootech. Sci. 61（12）：1107-1112.
Hermier, D.. 1997. Lipoprotein metabolism and fattening in poultry. J. Nutr. 127（Suppl. 5）：805S-808S.
Hillard, B. L., P. Lundin, and S. D. Clark. 1980. Essentiality of dietary carbohydrate for maintenance of liver lipogenesis in the chick. J. Nutr. 110：1533-1542.
Howlider, M. A. R., and S. P. Rose. 1987. Temperature and the growth of broilers. World’s Poult. Sci. J. 43：228-237.
Hsu, J. C., K. Tanaka, S. Ohtani, and C. M. Collado. 1988. Effects of pantethine supplementation to diet on hepatic lipogenesis of laying hens exposed to a high environmental temperature. Jpn. J. Zootech. Sci. 59（12）：1059-1071.
Hsu, J. C., K. Tanaka, and S. Ohtani. 1987. Effect of diets with different protein levels and cereals on hepatic lipid accumulation and on the activities of lipogenic-related enzymes in the liver of ducklings. Jpn. Poult. Sci. 24：94-102.
Hulan, H. W., F. G. Proudfoot, and D. M. Nash. 1984. The effects of different dietary fat sources on general performance and carcass fatty acid composition of broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 63：324-332.
Hurwitz, S., A. Bar, M. Katz, D. Sklan, and P. Budowski. 1973. Absorption and secretion of fatty acid and bile acid in the intestine of the laying fowl. J. Nutr. 103：543-547.
Hurwitz, S., M. Weiselberg, U. Eisner, I. Bartov, G. Riesenfeld, M. Sharvit, A. Niv, and S. Bornstein. 1980. The energy requirements and performance of growing chickens and turkeys as affected by environmental temperature. Poultry Sci. 59：2290-2292.
Iritani, N.. 1992. Nutritional and hormonal regulation of lipogenic-enzyme gene expression in rat liver. Eur. J. Biochem. 433.
Ivy, C. A., and M. C. Nesheim. 1973. Factors influencing the liver fat content of laying hens. Poultry Sci. 52：281-291.
Janero, D. R., and M. D. Lane. 1983. Sequential assembly of very low density lipoprotein, apolipoprotein, triacylglycerol and phosphoglycerides by the intact liver cell. J. Biol. Chem. 258：14496-14504.
Jensen, L. S., C. L. Wyatt, and B. T. Fander. 1989. Sulfur amino acid requirement of broiler chickens from 3 to 6 of age. Poultry Sci. 68：163.
Jensen, L. S., G. W. Schumier, A. D. Funk, T. C. Smith, and L. Falen. 1974. Effects of selenium and lipotropic factor on liver fat accumulation in laying hens. Poultry Sci. 53：296-302.
Karunajeewa, H., D. A. Barr, and M. Fox. 1986. Effect of dietary phosphorus concentration and electrolyte balance on the growth performance of broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci. 27：601-612.
Keller, H., C. Dreyer, J. Medin, A. Mahfoudi, D. Ozato, and W. Wahli. 1993. Fatty acids and retinoids control lipid metabolism through activation of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-retinoid X receptor heterodimers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90：2160-2164.
Keren-Zvi, S., I. Nir, Z. Nitsan, and A. Cahaner. 1990. Effect of dietary concentrations of fats and energy on fat deposition in broilers divergently selected for high or low abdominal fat tissue. Bri. Poult. Sci. 31:507-516.
Khoo, J. C., and D. Steinberg. 1974. Reversible protein kinase activation of hormone-sensitive lipase from chicken adipose tissue. J. Lipid Res. 15: 602-610.
Kinsell, L. W., G. D. Michaels, J. W. Partridge, L. A. Boling, and H. E. Balch. 1953. Effect upon serum cholesterol and phospholipids of diets containing large amounts of vegetable fat. J. Clin. Nutr. 1：231-244.
Kinsella, J. E.. 1988. Food lipids and fatty acids：Importance in food quality, nutrition, and health. Food Technol. 42：124-145.
Krogdahl, A.. 1985. Digestion and absorption of lipids in poultry. J. Nutr. 115：675-685.
Kubena, L. F., B. D. Lott, J. W. Deaton, F. N. Reece, and J. D. May. 1972. Boby composition of chicks as influenced by environmental temperature and selected dietary factors. Poultry Sci. 51：517-522.
Kumar, S., J. A. Dorsey, R. A. Muesing, and J. W. Porter. 1970. Comparative studies of the pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase complex and its subunit. J. Biol. Chem. 245: 4732-4744.
Lafarge, C., and C. Frayssinet. 1970. The reversibility of inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis induced by aflatoxin in rat liver. A tentative explanation for carcinogenic mechanism. Int. J. Cancer. 6：74.
Latshaw, J. D., G. B. Havenstein, and V. D. Toelle. 1990. Energy level in the laying diet and its effects on the performance of three commercial leghorn strains. Poultry Sci. 69：1998-2007.
Laurin, D. E., S. P. Touchburn, E. R. Chavez, and C. W. Chan. 1985. Methods of measuring energy utilization in broilers: effect of genetic line and presence of supplemental dietary fat. Poultry Sci. 64: 969-978.
LeClercq, B.. 1984. Adipose tissue metabolism and its control in bird. Poultry Sci. 63: 2044-2054.
LeClercq, B., and A. Saadoun. 1982. Selecting broiler for low or high abdominal fat：Comparison of energy metabolism of the lean and fat line. Poultry Sci. 61：1799-1803.
LeClercq, B.. 1984. Adipose tissue metabolism and its control in bird. Poutry Sci. 63: 2044-2054.
Lee, J. H., M. Fukumoto, H. Nishida, I. Ikeda, and M. Sugano. 1989. The interrelated effects of n-6/n-3 and polyunsaturated/saturated ratios of dietary fats on the regulation of lipid metabolism in rats. J. Nutr. 119：1893-1899.
Lee, J. H., M. Sugano, and T. Ide. 1988. Effects of various combinations of ω3 and ω6 polyunsaturated fats on serum lipid levels and eicosanoid production in rats. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 34：117-129.
Lees, S. R., and M. Karel. 1990. Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease. Marcel Dekker. Inc. New York.
Leeson, S., L. Caston, and J. D. Summers. 1996. Broiler response to energy or energy and protein dilution in the finisher diet. Poultry Sci. 75：522-528.
Leveille, A. G., D. R. Romsos, Y. Y. Yeh and, E. K. O’Hea. 1975. Lipid biosynthesis in the chick. A consideration of site of synthesis, influence of iet and possible regulatory mechanisms. Poultry Sci. 54：1075-1093.
Leveille, G. A.. 1969. In vivo fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis in fasted and fasted-refed chicks. J. Nutr. 98：367.
Leveille, G. A., E. K. O’Hea and, K. Chakrabarly. 1968. In vitro lipogenesis in the domestic chicken. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 128：398-401.
Lieber, C. S., and R. Schmid. 1961. The effect of ethanol on fatty acid metabolism, stimulation of hepatic fatty acids synthesis in vitro. J. Clin. Invest. 44：1009-1021.
Lilburn, M. S., and K. E. Nestor. 1991. Body weight and carcass development in different lines of turkeys. Poultry Sci. 70：2223-2231.
Löhr, J. G., and R. E. Burger. 1964. Respiratory and cardiovascular responses in the hyperthemic domestic cock. Poultry Sci. 43: 291-305.
Mahler, H. R., and E. H. Cordes. 1966. Biological Chemistry. Harper ＆ Row Press. New York.
Malau-Aduli, A. E. O., B. D., Siebert, C. D. K., Bottema, and W. S., Pitchford. 1998. Breed comparison of the fatty acid composition of muscle phospholipids in Jersey and Limousin cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 76：766-773.
Mangano, P. S., D. R. Janero, and M. D. Lane. 1982. Association and assembly of triglyceride and phospholipids with glycerosylated and unglycosylated apoprotein of very low density lipoprotein in the intact liver cell. J. Biol. Chem. 257：11463-11467.
Marks, H. L., and K. W. Washburn. 1983. The relationship of altered water/feed 2 intake rations on growth and abdominal fat in commercial broilers. Poultry Sci. 62：263-272.
Marks, H. L., and K. W. Washburn. 1991. Body, abdominal fat, and testes weights and line by sex interactions in Japanese quail divergently selected for plasma cholesterol response to adrenocorticotropin. Poultry Sci. 70：2395-2401.
Maynard, L. A., J. K. Loosli, H. F. Hintz, and R. G. Warner. 1993. Animal nutrition. 7th. McGraw-Hill. New York.
McNaughton, J. L., and F. N. Reece. 1982. Dietary energy requirements of broilers reared in low and moderate environmental temperatures. Poultry Sci. 61：1879-1884.
Merkley, J. W., R. J. Maxwell., J. G. Philips, and W. E. Huff. 1987. Hepatic fatty acid profiles in aflatoxin exposed vroiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 66：59.
Miller, D., K. C. Leong, and P. Smith. 1969. Effect of feeding and withdrawal of menhaden oil on the ω3 and ω6 fatty acid content of broiler tissues. J. Food Sci. 34：136-142.
Mizuno, T., K. Amano, K. Ono, Y. Hikami, and S. Hasegawa. 1979. Effect of high protein diet on in vivo fatty acid synthesis and the activities of lipogeneic enzymes in liver of chicks. Jpn. J. Zootech. Sci. 50（8）：582.
Mohan, P. F., F. C. Phillips, and M. P. Cleary. 1991. Metabolic effects of coconut, safflower, or menhaden oil feeding in lean and obese Zucher rats. Br. J. Nutr. 66：285-299.
Mossab, A., M. Lessire, S. Guillaumin, M. Kouba, J. Mourot, P. Peiniau, and D. Hermier. 2002. Effect of dietary fats on hepatic lipid metabolism in the growing turkey. Comp. Biochem. and Phy. 132：473-483.
Muller, R. D., C. W. Carlson, G. Semeniuk, and G. S. Harshfield. 1970. The response of chicks, ducklings, goslings, pheasants and poults to graded levels of aflatoxin. Poultry Sci. 49：1346.
Neuringer, M., and W. E. Connor. 1986. N-3 fatty acids in the brain and retina：Evidence for their essentiality. Nutr. Rev. 44：285-294.
Neuringer, M., W. E. Connor, D. S. Lin, L. Barstad, and S. Luck. 1986. Biochemical and functional effects of prenatal and postnatal ω3 fatty acid deficiency on retina and brain in rhesus monkeys. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86：4021-4025.
Nir, I., and H. Lin. 1982. The skeleton, an important site of lipogenesis in the chick. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 26：100-105.
Nir, I., Z. Nitson, and S. Keren-Zvi. 1988. Fat deposition in birds. In：Leanness in domestic birds, genetic, metabolic and hormonal aspects.（eds Leclercq, B. and C. C. Whitehead）, Butterworths. London. Boston. Singapore. Sydney. Toronto. Wellington.
Numa, S.. 1969. Malic enzyme. In：Method in Enzymeology.（Colowick, S. P. and N. O. Kaplan, ed.）Vol. 1. Academic Press, N.Y.
Nürnberg, K., S. Grumbach, H. J. Papstein, H. D. Matthes, K. Ender, and G. Nürnberg. 1996. Fatty acid composition of lamb meat. Fett/Lipid 98：77-80.
O’Hea, E. K., and G. A. Leveille. 1969. Significance of adipose and liver as site of fatty acid synthesis in the pig and the efficiency of utilization of various substrates for lipogenesis. J. Nutr. 99：338-348.
Ochoa, S. 1955. Malic enzyme. In: Method enzymology(Vol. 1).Academic press. Inc. New York.
Olomu, M. J., and V. E. Baracos. 1991. Influence of dietary flaxseed oil on the performance, muscle protein deposition and fatty acid composition of broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 70：1403-1411.
Pearce, J., N. Jakson, and M. H. Stevensonl. 1983.The effects of dietary intake and of dietary concentration of copper sulfate on the laying domestic fowl：effects on some aspects of lipid, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. Br. Poult. Sci. 24：337-348.
Pearson, A. W., and E. T. Bulter. 1978. Environmental temperature as a factor in the aetiology of fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome in the fowl. Res. Vet. Sci. 25: 133-138.
Pesti, G. H., and D. L. Fletcher. 1983. The response of male broiler chickens to diets with various protein and energy content during the growing phase. Br. Poult. Sci. 24: 91-99.
Pesti, G. H., T. S. Whiting, and L. S. Jensen. 1983. The effect of crumbling on the relationship between dietary density and chick growth, feed efficiency, and abdominal fat pad weight. Poultry Sci. 62: 490-494.
Pinchasov, Y., and I. Nir. 1992. Effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration on performance, fat deposition and carcass fatty acid composition in broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 71：1504-1512.
Qureshi, A. A., W. C. Burger, N. Prentice, H. R. Bird, and M. L. Sunde. 1980. Regulation of lipid metabolism in chicken liver by dietary cereals. J. Nutr. 110：388-393.
Renner, R., and F. W. Hill. 1960. The utilization of corn oil, lard and tallow by chickens of various ages. Poultry Sci. 39：849-854.
Renner, R.. 1965. Site of fat absorption in the chick. Poultry Sci. 44：861-864.
Richter, G.. 1993. Up-to-date nutritive value and quality criteria of poultry meat and their manipulation through feeding. Kongressband. Hamburg, Germany.（German）
Rise, P., and C. Galli. 1999. Arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids differentially affect the expression of fatty acyl-CoA oxidase, protein kinase and lipid peroxidation in HepG2 cells. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 60：367-370.
Romsos, D. R., P. S. Belo, E. R. Miller, and G. A. Leveille. 1974. Influence of dietary 1,3-butane-diol on weight gain, blood and liver metabolites and lipogenesis in the pig and chick. J. Nutr. 105：161-170.
Rosebrough, R. W., and N. C. Steele. 1985a. Effect of dietary fat and environment on lipogenesis by large white breeder turkey. Poultry Sci. 64：1170-1176.
Rosebrough, R. W., and N. C. Steele. 1985b. Energy and protein in the broiler chicken. 2. Effect of varied protein and constant carbohydrate levels on body composition and lipid metabolism. Growth 49：479-489.
Rosebrough, R. W., and N. C. Steele. 1986. Protein and energy relations in the broiler. 2. Effect of varied protein and constant carbohydrate levels on body composition and lipid metabolism. Growth 49：479-489.
Rosebrough, R. W., A. D. Mitchell, and J. P. McMurtry. 1996. Dietary crude protein changes rapidly alter metabolism and plasma insulin-like growth factor I concentrations in broiler chickens. J. Nutr. 126：2888-2898.
Rosebrough, R. W., A. D. Mitchell, M. F. Von Vleck, and N. C. Steele. 1990. Protein and energy relations in the broiler chicken. 8. Comparisons involving protein- and lysineadequate and inadequate diets on lipid metabolism. Br. J. Nutr. 64：515-523.
Rosebrough, R. W., J. P. McMurtry, and N. C. Steele. 1988. Protein and energy relations in the broiler. 5. Lipogenesis, glucose production and metabolic hormone levels as functions of age and dietary protein levels. Growth 51：309-320.
Rosebrough, R. W., J. P. McMurtry, and N. C. Steele. 1989. Protein and energy relations in the broiler chicken. 7. Chronic or acute effects of alternating protein or intermittent feeding regimens on broiler lipid metabolism. Br. J. Nutr. 61：223-230.
Rosebrough, R. W., N. C. Steele, and L. T. Frobish. 1982. Effect of protein and amino acid status on lipogenesis by turkey poults. Poultry Sci. 61：731-738.
Rosebrough, R. W., N. C. Steele, J. P. McMurtry, M. P. Richards, A. D. Mitchell, and C. C. Calvert. 1986. Energy and protein relations in the broiler. 4. Role of sex, line, and substrate on in vitro lipogenesis. Growth 50：461-471.
Rosebrough, R. W.. 2000. Dietary protein levels and the responses of broilers to single or repeated bouts of fasting and refeeding. Nutr. Res. 20：877-888.
Roth, L. T., and J. Wiseman. 1985. Effect of nutrition on broiler carcass composition: Influence of dietary energy content in the starter and finisher phase. Br. Poult. Sci. 26: 381.
Saadoun, A., J. Simon, and B. LeClercq. 1987. Effect of exogenous corticosterone in genetically fat and lean chickens. Br. Poult. Sci. 25：519-528.
Salichon, M. R., G. Guy, D. Rousselot, and J. C. Blum. 1994. Composition of the 3 types of foie gras：goose, mule duck and Muscovy duck. Annales-de-Zootechnie 43：212-220.
Sanz, M., A. Flores, and C. J. López-Bote. 2000a. The metabolic use of energy from dietary fat in broilers is affected by fatty acid saturation. Br. Poult. Sci. 41：61-68.
Sanz, M., A. Flores, P. Pérez de Ayala, and C. J. López-Bote. 1999. Higher lipid accumulation in broilers fed on saturated fats than in those fed on unsaturated fats. Br. Poult. Sci. 40：95-101.
Sanz, M., C. J. López-Bote, D. Menoyo, and J. M. Bautista, 2000b. Abdominal fat deposition and fatty acid synthesis are lower and β-oxidation is higher in broiler chickens fed diets containing unsaturated rather than saturated fat. J. Nutr. 130：3034-3037.
Scaife, J. R., J. Moyo, H. Galbraith, W. Michie, and V. Campbell. 1994. Effect of different dietary supplemental fats and oils on the tissue fatty acid composition and growth of female broilers. Br. Poult. Sci. 35：107-118.
Shalev, B. A., A. Dvorin, R. Herman, Z. Katz, and S. Bornstein. 1991. Long-term goose breeding for egg productin and crammed liver weight. Br. Poult. Sci. 32: 703.
Shapira, N., I. Nir, and P. Budowsk. 1978. Effect of glucose or oil supplement on lipogenic enzyme in overfed chicks. J. Nutr. 108：490-496.
Shimomura, Y., T. Tamura, and M. Suzuki. 1990. Lessbody fat accumulatin in rats fed a sunflower oil diet than in rats fed a beef tallow diet. J. Nutr. 120：1291-1296.
Shore, V. G., G. Butterfield, and R. M. Krauss. 1983. Effects of varying the dietary ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fats on plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Pages 667 in: Dietary fats and Health. E. G. Perkins and W. Visek, ed. American Oil Chemists; Society, Champaign, IL.
Shurbaji, A., C. L. Backstrom, L. Berglund, G. Eggertsen, and I. Bjorkhem. 1991. Effect of n-3 fatty aicds on the key enzymes involved in cholesterol and triglyceride turnover in rat liver. Lipids 26：385-389.
Sklan, D., A. Geva, P. Budowksi, and S. Hurwitz. 1984. Intestinal absorption and plasma transport of lipids in chicks and rats. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 78a：507-510.
Sonaiya, E. B., and K. Benyi, 1983. Abdominal fat in 12- to 16- week old broiler birds as influenced by age, sex and strain. Poultry Sci. 62：1793-1799.
Starr, J., J. D. Summers, and S. Lesson. 1982. Effect of dietary protein and energy on broiler carcass composition and efficiency of nutrition utilization. Poultry Sci. 61: 2224.
Stewart, P. A., and K. W. Washburn. 1983. Variation in growth hormone, triiodothyronine（T3） and lipogenic enzyme activity in broiler strains differing in growth and fatness. Growth 47：411-415.
Su, W., and P. J. H. Jones. 1993. Dietary fatty acid composition influences energy accretion in rats. J. Nutr. 123：2109-2114.
Surette, M. E., J. Whelan, K. S. Broughton, and J. E. Kinsella. 1992. Evidence for mechanisms of the hypotriglyceridemic effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Biochim. Biophs. Acta. 1126：199-205.
Takahashi, K., L. S. Jeensen, and S. L. Bolden. 1984. Diet composition, environmental temperature and exogenous estradiol effects on hepatic lipid deposition in growing chicks. Poultry Sci. 63：524-531.
Takeda, Y., F. Sazuki, and H. Inoue. 1963. Citrate cleavage enzyme, In : Method enzymology(Vol. 5). Academic press. Inc. New York..
Tanabe, Y., T. Nakamura, M. Tanase, and O. Doi. 1981. Comparison of plasma LH, progesterone, testerone and estrol concentration in male and female chickens（Gallus Domesticus） from 28 to 1141 days of age. Endocrinol. Jpn. 28：605-613.
Tanaka, K., N. Takagi, S. Ohtani, and K. Shigeno. 1982a. Effect of dietary energy increase with the addition of various levels of carbohydrate on hepatic lipogenesis in growing chick. Jpn. J. Zootech. Sci. 53 (1): 73-79.
Tanaka, K., N. Takagi., S. Ohtani and K. Shigeno. 1982b. Effect of increase of diet with the addition of various levels of fat or protein on hepatic lipogenesis in growing chicks. Jpn. J. Zootech. Sci. 53 (1): 50.
Tanaka, K.. 1982. Nutritional factors affecting fatty acid biosynthesis in the chicken. A review. Jpn. Poultry Sci. 19（2）：65-75.
Tanaka, K., J. C. Hus, S. Ohtani, and C. M. Collado. 1986. Changes in the activities of hepatic lipogenic-related enzymes and in concentrations of various plasma and liver lipid fractions in hens before and after the onset of laying. Jpn. Poult. Sci. 23：203-210.
Tanaka, K., K. Kitachara, and K. Shigeno. 1979. Effect of dietary fat levels on lipid metabolism in growing chicks. Jpn. J. Zootech. Sci. 52（2）：100-107.
Tanaka, K., S. Ohtani, and K. Shigeno. 1983a. Effect of increasing dietary energy on hepatic lipogenesis in growing chicks. Ⅰ：Increasing energy by carbohydrate supplementation. Poultry Sci. 62：445-451.
Tanaka, K., S. Ohtani, and K. Shigeno. 1983b. Effect of increasing dietary energy on hepatic lipogenesis in growing chicks. Ⅱ：Increasing energy by fat or protein supplementation. Poultry Sci. 62：452-458.
Tarlow, D. M., P. A. Walkins, R. E. Reed, R. S. Miller, E. Zwergel, and M. D. Lane. 1977. Lipogenesis and the synthesis and secretion of very low density lipoprotein by avian liver cells in nonproliferating monolayer culture：Hormonal effect. J. Cell Biol. 73：332-353.
Tooping, D. L.. 1991. Soluble fiber polysaccharides：effects on plasma cholesterol and colonic fermentation. Nutr. Rev. 49：195-203.
Touchburn, S., J. Simon and Leclercq. 1981. Evidence of a glucose-insulin imbalance and effect of dietary protein and energy level in chickens selected for high abdominal fat content. J. Nutr. 111: 325-335.
Tufft, L. S., and L. S. Jensen. 1991. Effect of age of hen, egg weight and sex on chick performance and lipid retention. Poultry Sci. 70：2411-2418.
Tung, H. T., W. E. Donaldson, and P. B. Halmiton. 1972. Altered lipid transport during aflatoxicosis. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 22：97.
USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 17. 2004. Composition of foods raw, processed, prepared. U.S.
Vahouny, G. V., R. Tombes, M. M. Cassidy, D. Kritchevsky, and L. L. Gallo. 1981. Dietary fibers：Ⅴ. Binding of biel salts, phospholipids and cholesterol from mixed micelles by bile acid sequestrants and dietay fibers. Lipids 15：1012-1018.
Vamecq, J., L. Vallee, P. L. Porte, M. Fontaine, D. Craemer, C. Branden, H. Lafont, R. Grataroli, and G. Nalbone. 1993. Effect of various n-3/n-6 fatty acid ratio contents of high fat diets on rat liver and heart peroxisomal and mitochondrial β-oxidation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1170：151-156.
Van Es, A. J. H.. 1977. The energetics of fat deposition during growth. Nutr. Metab. 21：88-95.
Vance, D. E.. 1988. Fatty acid biosynthesis. In：Biochemistry, 2nded（Zubay, G., Eds）. Macmillan Publishing Company. New York.
Vilà, B., and E. Esteve-Garcia. 1996. Studies on acids oil and fatty acids for chickens. I. Influence of age, rate of inclusion and degree of saturation on fat digestibility and metabolisable energy of acid oils. Br. Poult. Sci. 37：105-117.
Wegner, J., and H.-D. Matthes. 1994. Cellular growth of muscle fibres and adipocytes. And meat quality of Hereford steers under extensive maintenance. Arch. Tierz. 37：599-604.
Whitehead, C. C., J. M. McNab, and H. D. Griffin. 1981. The effects of low dietary concentration of saponin on liver lipid accumulation and performance in laying hens. Br. Poult. Sci. 22：281.
Wiseman, J., F. Salvador, and J. Craigon. 1991. Prediction of the apparent metabolizable energy content of fats fed to broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 70：1527-1533.
Wiseman, J.. 1984. Assessment for the digestible and metabolizable energy of fats for non-ruminanats. In：Fats in Animal Nutrition. J. Wiseman. Butterworths, London, UK.
Wolford, J. H., and, D. Polin. 1975. Effect of inositol, lecithin, vitamin （B12 with choline and E）, and iodinated casin on induced fatty liver-hemorrhagic syndrome in laying chickens. Poultry Sci. 54：981-991.
Wolford, J. H.. 1971. The effect of temperature and iodinated casein on liver lipids of laying chickens. Poultry Sci. 50：1331-1335.
Wong, S. H., P. J. Nestle, R. P. Trimble, G. B. Storer, R. J, Illman, and D. L. Topping. 1984. The adaptive effects of dietary fish and safflower oil on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in perfused rat liver. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 792：103-109.
Yau, J. C., J. H. Denton, C. A. Bailey, and A. R. Sams. 1990. Customizing the fatty acid content of broiler tissues. Poultry Sci. 70：167-172.
Yeh, Y. Y., and G. A. Leveille. 1973. Significance of skin as a site of fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis in the chick. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 142：115-119.
Zhou, Z. X., Y. Isshiki, K. Yamauchi, and Y. Nakahiro. 1990. Effect of feeding and dietary cereals on feed conversion, hepatic lipid accumulation and plasma components in ducks. Jpn. Poult Sci. 27：173.
Zollitsch, W., W. Knaus, F. Aichinger, and F. Lettner. 1997. Effects of different dietary fat sources on performance and carcass characteristics of broilers. Anim. Food Sci. Technol. 66：63-73.