臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

歷程分離程序(process dissociation procedure, PDP)是由Jacoby(1991)提出用來分離意識與無意識記憶對回憶作業影響的模型，後來在社會認知的許多研究中運用歷程分離程序並用來分析在不同的實驗操弄下對於不同作業控制式歷程與自動化歷程的影響。本研究實驗一透過操弄反應時間限制，觀察其對不確定事件判斷作業表現的改變，實驗二探討促進或抑制刻板印象對性別刻板印象語意促發作業的影響。本研究並且進一步使用歷程分離程序來提供控制式歷程與自動化歷程的變化來額外檢視實驗操弄對認知歷程的影響。實驗一發現反應時限使參與者在判斷不確定事件時產生較多捷思偏誤，原因是反應時間限制時會抑制控制式歷程的使用。實驗二則發現使用閾上圖片促發與心像作業來促進性別刻板印象的操弄會增加促發項與目標項性別屬性不一致時的錯誤率，原因是促進性別刻板印象抑制控制式歷程的使用。本研究提供了實驗操弄影響不同判斷作業的自動化與控制式歷程變化的量化證據。

目次
致謝------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------i
摘要------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ii
目次-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iii
表次------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------v
圖次------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------v
緒論------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
自動化與控制式歷程------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
歷程分離程序-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
歷程分離程序在社會認知的應用--------------------------------------------------------------------------3
本研究----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
實驗一--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
研究問題與假設-------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
實驗方法--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
結果-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
討論-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
實驗二-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
研究問題與假設---------------------------------------------------------------------------14
實驗方法------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15
結果-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18
討論-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23
綜合討論----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25
研究貢獻、限制及未來研究方向------------------------------------------------------------------------------25
參考文獻----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------28
附錄1：實驗一使用的不確定事件判斷題目-----------------------------------------------32
附錄2：實驗二使用修正自Blair與Banaji(1996)附錄A的男、女性別人格特質相關、人格特質無關與中性字詞促發項----------40
附錄3：實驗二所使用的中英文人名與稱謂目標項------------------------------------41
附錄4：實驗二閾上圖片促發作業選自國際情緒圖片資料庫的中性圖片---------------------42
附錄5：實驗二閾上圖片促發作業指導語------------------------------------------------43
附錄6：實驗二心像作業指導語------------------------------------------------------------44
附錄7：實驗二判斷錯誤率之性別刻板印象操弄、促發項類別、目標項類別、參與者性別四因子變異數分析摘要表--------------------47
附錄8：實驗二反應時間之性別刻板印象操弄、促發項類別、目標項類別、參與者性別四因子變異數分析摘要表------------------48
 

范筱琳 (2009)。《情感錯誤歸因的態度測量典範：心情與判斷動機的調節效應》。國立中正大學心理學研究所，碩士論文。[Fan, S. L. (2009). Affect misattribution procedure as a paradigm for assessing attitudes: Moderator effects of mood and judgmental motivation. Unpublished master’s thesis, National Chung Cheng University.]
許素禎 (2011)。《再探自動化對比效應：情境脈絡極端性與認知效率的影響》。國立中正大學心理學研究所，碩士論文。[Hsu, S. C. (2011). A Reexamination of Automatized Contrast Effects: Effects of Evaluative Extremity of Context and Efficiency. Unpublished master’s thesis, National Chung Cheng University.]
翁正澤（2004）。《改變性別刻板印象：內隱與外顯測量》。國立中正大學心理學研究所，碩士論文。[Weng, C. Z. (2004). Changing gender stereotypes : Implicit and explicit measures. Unpublished master’s thesis, National Chung Cheng University.]
Bargh, J. A. (1994). The four horsemen of automaticity: Awareness, intention,efficiency, and control in social cognition. In R. S. Wyer, Jr., & T. K. Srull (Eds.),Handbook of social cognition (2nd ed.) (pp. 1-40). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Blair, I. V., & Banaji, M. R. (1996). Automatic and controlled processes in stereotype priming.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1142 – 1163. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1142
Blair, I. V., Ma, J. E., & Lenton, A. P. (2001). Imagining stereotypes away:The moderation of implicit stereotypes through mental imagery. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 828-841.
doi：10.1037%2F0022-3514.81.5.828
Conrey, F. R., Sherman, J. W., Gawronski, B., Hugenberg, K., & Groom, C. J. (2005).Separating multiple processes in implicit social cognition: The quad model of implicit task performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 469-487. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.469
Converse, B. A., Lin, S., Keysar, B., & Epley, N. (2008).In the mood to get over yourself: Mood affects theory-of-mind use. Emotion, 8, 725–730. doi:10.1037/a0013283
Evans, J. St. B. T. (2003). In two minds: Dual-process accounts of reasoning.Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 454–459. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2003.08.012
Ferreira, M. B., Garcia-Marques, L., Sherman, S. J., & Sherman, J. W. (2006).A dual-process approach to judgment under uncertainty. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91 , 797–813.doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.797
Gawronski, B., Deutsch, R., Mbirkou, S., Seibt, B., & Strack., F. (2008).“When ‘Just Say No’ is not enough: Affirmation versus negation training and the reduction of automatic stereotype activation.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44 , 370-377. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.12.004
Jacoby, L. L. (1991). A process dissociation framework:Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Memory and Language, 30, 513–541. doi:10.1016/0749-596X(91)90025-F
Jacoby, L. L., Toth, J. P., & Yonelinas, A. P. (1993).Separating conscious and unconscious influences of memory: Measuring recollection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122, 139-154. doi:10.1037//0096-3445.122.2.139
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1972).Subjective probability:A judgment of representativeness. Cognitive Psychology, 3, 430 – 454. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(72)90016-3
Keppel, G. (1982). Design and analysis: A researcher's handbook (2nd ed.).Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Kirkpatrick, L. A., & Epstein, S. (1992). Cognitive– experiential self-theory and subjective probability: Further evidence for two conceptual systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 534 –544. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.63.4.534
Kunda, Z. (1999). Social cognition: Making sense of people. Cambridge, MA:The MIT press.Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2008). International affective picture system (IAPS):Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual. Technical Report A-8. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
McCarthy, R. J., & Skowronski, J. J. (2011). The interplay of controlled and automatic processing in the expression of spontaneously inferred traits: A PDP analysis.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 229-240. doi:10.1037/a0021991
Mendoza, S. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Amodio, D. M. (2010).Reducing the expression of implicit stereotypes : Reflexive control through implementation intentions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 512-523. doi:10.1177/0146167210362789
Moons, W. G., Mackie, D. M., Garcia-Marques, T. (2009).The impact of repetition-induced familiarity on agreement with weak and strong arguments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 96, 32-44. doi:10.1037/a0013461
Payne, B. K. (2005). Conceptualizing control in social cognition: How executive functioning modulates the expression of automatic stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 488-503.
doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.488
Payne, B. K. (2008). What mistakes disclose:A process dissociation approach to automatic and controlled processes in social psychology. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 1073-1092. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00091.x
Scherer, D. L., & Lambert, A. J. (2009).Contrast effects in priming paradigms:Implications for theory and research on implicit attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 383-403. doi:10.1037/a0015844
Shiffrin, R. M., & Schneider, W. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory. Psychological Review, 84, 127-190. doi:10.1037//0033-295X.84.2.127
Stewart, B. D., & Payne, B. K. (2008).Bringing automatic stereotyping under control:Implementation intentions as an efficient means of thought control. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34,1332-1345.doi:10.1177/014616720832126