臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

據環保署之調查資料顯示，在金屬冶煉的過程中可能形成多氯戴奧辛/呋喃(polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran，PCDD/Fs)，因此本研究目的主要探討銅二次冶煉廠及氧化鋅回收廠之73位廠內作業勞工及辦公室勞工其PCDD/Fs暴露與體內氧化性傷害指標(8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine, 8-OH-dG and comet assay)、脂質過氧化反應(malondialdehyde, MDA)及體內抗氧化反應(superoxide dismutase, SOD與giutathione,GSH)之關係性，並且探討年齡、抽菸習慣及喝酒習慣對於職業暴露與勞工體內氧化性傷害及脂質過氧化關係性。本研究結果發現氧化鋅回收廠勞工血液中PCDD/Fs濃度有較高之情形，且氧化鋅回收廠之管理部門及製造部門勞工體內MDA濃度也是呈現較高的情形；血液中PCDD/Fs濃度較高之二次金屬冶煉廠勞工，其8-OH-dG濃度也有較高之情形。此外本研究亦發現勞工體內SOD活性愈高其MDA濃度越高(r=0.272, p<0.05)。在干擾因子影響方面，年齡較大組別發現SOD活性有較低之情形，抽濃菸勞工體內DNA strand breakage顯著高於抽淡菸勞工(0.35 TMOM vs 0.25 TMOM)；有抽菸習慣之勞工體內GSH有較低之情形(p=0.077)，且發現勞工於血液尿液採集前24小時之抽菸數量(r=-0.285, p=0.026)及抽菸量指標(r=-0.234, p=0.053)與體內GSH呈現負相關之情形，以上結果均顯示抽菸者體內有較高之氧化性傷害與抗氧化反應，其可能與香菸中有害物質如尼古丁(nicotine)及多環芳香烴化合物(poly-aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)有關。有喝酒習慣勞工體內MDA濃度顯著較低(1.7 uM vs 2.8 uM, p=0.004)，因此適度或不過量之喝酒行為可能具有抗脂質過氧化反應之保護作用。在校正所有可能影響的因子(年齡、抽菸習慣與喝酒習慣)後，發現二次金屬冶煉廠之製造部門勞工體內MDA濃度顯著高於管理部門勞工(p=0.040)，推論職業暴露會影響勞工體內之脂質過氧化反應。雖然本研究結果顯示抗氧化劑之攝取量對於二次金屬冶煉廠勞工無顯著抗氧化保護作用，但維生素C及維生素E在抗氧化防禦系統上仍然相當重要。未來對於二次金屬冶煉廠之製造部門，雇主應加強製程之安全衛生與健康管理，勞工也應該確實佩帶正確且適合之個人防護設備，減低作業時暴露於PCDD/Fs及其他污染物之危害。

Secondary copper smelters and the zinc recovery plant, which primarily utilize the waste materials that contain organic impurities or handles mostly fly ash and slag from the iron and steel industry, are major emission sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in Taiwan. This study evaluated the levels of 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), DNA strand breakage and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), erythrocyte glutathione (GSH), erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), and intakes of Vitamin C and E in workers in secondary metal recovery workers. Furthermore, the study also investigated the effects of occupational exposure on oxidative damage after adjustment for age, smoking, drinking and the antioxidants intake in secondary metal recovery workers. Thirty-two workers were recruited from a secondary copper smelting plant and 41 from a zinc recovery plant in Taiwan. Though the PCDD/F levels were higher in workers of zinc recovery plant than those of secondary copper smelting plant, no significant difference was found for serum PCDD/F levels between the two kinds of plants. We observed a significant difference in plasma MDA levels between workers at the zinc recovery plant (2.8 uM) and those at the copper smelting plant (1.8 uM) (p=0.004). No differences in oxidative damage, antioxidants and lipid peroxide were found in different age groups. A significant negative relationship was found between erythrocyte GSH and the number of cigarettes smoking (r=-0.285, p=0.026). This study also indicated that alcohol consumption might affect lipid peroxidation in secondary metal recovery workers. The multivariate regression analysis showed a significant negative relationship between DNA strand breakage and the number of cigarettes smoked in the preceding 24 hr, (b=-0.026, p=0.036). In addition, significantly higher DNA strand breakage was found for the workers using regular cigarettes than using light cigarettes (p=0.004). For MDA analysis, a significant negative association was found between the MDA levels and alcohol consumption (b=-0.206, p=0.011). A significant higher MDA level was found for the production workers than for those of managerial workers (p=0.040). Furthermore, the intake of antioxidant was found to have no effect on oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation. Occupational exposure and smoking habit were significant contributors to lipid peroxidation and DNA strand breakage in heavy metal recovery workers, and no significant benefit was found for antioxidants on oxidative damage in this study. The data also showed that the workers and employers need to pay more attention to occupational health issues, and the occupational hygiene should be taken more seriously in this kind of workplace.

第一章 前言--------------------------------------------1
1-1 研究背景-------------------------------------------1
1-2 研究目的-------------------------------------------2
第二章 文獻回顧----------------------------------------4
2-1 銅二次冶煉廠及氧化鋅回收廠製程及產生之污染物-------4
2-1-1 銅二次冶煉廠-------------------------------------4
2-1-2 氧化鋅回收廠-------------------------------------5
2-2 戴奧辛特性及危害-----------------------------------5
2-3 自由基與ROS之相關介紹------------------------------6
2-3-1 何謂自由基與活性氧物質---------------------------6
2-3-2 自由基及ROS與疾病之關係--------------------------7
2-4 抗氧化防禦系統-------------------------------------7
2-4-1 酵素性抗氧化物質---------------------------------8
2-4-1-1 超氧化歧化酵酶---------------------------------8
2-4-1-2 麩胱甘肽過氧化酶-------------------------------9
2-4-1-3 觸酶-------------------------------------------9
2-4-2 非酵素性抗氧化物質------------------------------10
2-4-2-1 麩胱甘肽--------------------------------------10
2-4-2-2 維生素C---------------------------------------10
2-4-2-3 維生素E---------------------------------------11
2-5 氧化性DNA傷害、氧化物質活性與脂質過氧化反應指標---11
2-5-1 氧化性傷害指標----------------------------------12
2-5-2 單細胞電泳法------------------------------------12
2-5-3 脂質過氧化反應指標------------------------------13
2-6 抗氧化劑攝取來源----------------------------------15
2-7 職業暴露與氧化性傷害之相關文獻--------------------15
2-7-1 氧化性DNA傷害-----------------------------------15
2-7-1-1 8-OH-dG---------------------------------------15
2-7-1-2 DNA strand breakage---------------------------16
2-7-2 脂質過氧化反應 (MDA)----------------------------16
2-7-3 抗氧化物質(SOD與GSH)----------------------------17
2-8 體內氧化性傷害與脂質過氧化反應之影響因子----------17
2-8-1 年齡--------------------------------------------18
2-8-2 抽菸及喝酒習慣----------------------------------18
2-8-3 抗氧化劑----------------------------------------19
第三章 研究材料與方法---------------------------------21
3-1 研究對象選取--------------------------------------21
3-2 研究架構------------------------------------------21
3-3 健康問卷及飲食問卷--------------------------------24
3-4 現場採樣設計與規劃--------------------------------25
3-4-1 採樣執行方法------------------------------------25
3-4-2 血液採樣方法------------------------------------25
3-4-3 尿液採樣方法------------------------------------26
3-5 分析方法------------------------------------------26
3-5-1 尿液8-OH-dG分析---------------------------------26
3-5-2 血液SOD分析-------------------------------------28
3-5-3 血液GSH分析-------------------------------------29
3-5-4 血液comet assay 分析----------------------------31
3-5-5 血液MDA分析-------------------------------------32
3-5-6 血液中PCDD/Fs濃度-------------------------------34
3-6 維生素C、E攝取量計算方式--------------------------34
3-7 統計分析------------------------------------------34
3-7-1 描述統計分析------------------------------------34
3-7-2 分析性統計--------------------------------------35
3-7-2-1 單變項分析------------------------------------35
3-7-2-2 多變項分析------------------------------------35
第四章 結果-------------------------------------------36
4-1 兩廠勞工基本資料分布情形--------------------------36
4-2 勞工體內氧化性傷害、抗氧化物質濃度、血液中PCDD/Fs濃度與抗氧化劑攝取量之關係----------------------------------38
4-3 年齡對氧化性傷害與抗氧化物質濃度之影響程度--------40
4-4 抽菸習慣對氧化性傷害與抗氧化物質濃度之影響程度----40
4-5 喝酒習慣對氧化性傷害與抗氧化物質濃度之影響程度----41
4-6職業暴露對氧化性傷害與抗氧化物質濃度之影響程度-----41
4-7 製造與管理部門勞工之疾病史分布差異----------------43
4-8 抗氧化劑攝取量 (維生素C及E) 對氧化性傷害與抗氧化物質濃度之影響程度--------------------------------------------43
第五章 討論-------------------------------------------44
5-1二次金屬冶煉廠及回收廠勞工體內氧化性傷害與抗氧化物質濃度之分布情形--------------------------------------------44
5-1-1 血液中PCDD/Fs濃度與脂質過氧化反應之關係---------44
5-1-2 勞工體內氧化性傷害之情形------------------------45
5-1-3 抗氧化物質濃度與脂質過氧化反應之關係------------47
5-2 年齡對氧化性傷害與抗氧化物質濃度之影響------------49
5-2-1 年齡與氧化性傷害之關係--------------------------49
5-2-2 年齡與抗氧化物質濃度之關係----------------------50
5-3 抽菸習慣對氧化性傷害與抗氧化物質濃度之影響--------51
5-3-1 抽菸習慣與氧化性傷害之關係----------------------51
5-3-2 抽菸習慣與抗氧化物質濃度之關係------------------53
5-4 喝酒習慣對氧化性傷害與抗氧化物質濃度之影響--------54
5-5 抗氧化劑攝取量對氧化性傷害與脂質過氧化反應之影響--55
第六章 結論與建議-------------------------------------58
6-1結論-----------------------------------------------58
6-2建議-----------------------------------------------59
第七章 參考文獻---------------------------------------62

表2-1 各國之冶煉產業排放集塵灰管制標準----------------71
表4-1 銅二次冶煉廠與氧化鋅回收廠勞工個人基本資料之差異72
表4-2 銅二次冶煉廠與氧化鋅回收廠勞工職業史之差異------73
表4-3 銅二次冶煉廠與氧化鋅回收廠勞工體內氧化性傷害、抗氧化物質濃度、血液中PCDD/Fs濃度與抗氧化劑攝取量之差異-------75
表4-4 銅二次冶煉廠與氧化鋅回收廠管理部門勞工其體內氧化性傷害與抗氧化物質濃度之差異--------------------------------76
表4-5 銅二次冶煉廠與氧化鋅回收廠製造部門勞工其體內氧化性傷害與抗氧化物質濃度之差異--------------------------------77
表4-6 銅二次冶煉廠與氧化鋅回收廠勞工體內之氧化性傷害、抗氧化物質濃度、PCDD/Fs濃度與抗氧化劑攝取量之相關性---------78
表4-7 銅二次冶煉廠與氧化鋅回收廠勞工其年齡高低與其體內氧化性傷害與抗氧化物質濃度之差異----------------------------79
表4-8 銅二次冶煉廠與氧化鋅回收廠勞工其抽菸習慣與其體內氧化性傷害與抗氧化物質濃度之差異----------------------------80
表4-9 銅二次冶煉廠與氧化鋅回收廠勞工抽濃淡菸與體內氧化性傷害與抗氧化物質濃度之差異--------------------------------81
表4-10 銅二次冶煉廠與氧化鋅回收廠勞工其採樣當天早上起床至抽血採集尿液前內抽菸數量與其體內氧化性傷害與抗氧化物質濃度之相關性--------------------------------------------------82
表4-11 銅二次冶煉廠與氧化鋅回收廠勞工其採樣當天抽血及採集尿液前24小時內抽菸數量與其體內氧化性傷害與抗氧化物質濃度之相關性----------------------------------------------------83
表4-12 銅二次冶煉廠與氧化鋅回收廠抽菸勞工其抽菸量指標與體內氧化性傷害與抗氧化物質濃度之相關性--------------------84
表4-13 銅二次冶煉廠與氧化鋅回收廠勞工其喝酒習慣與其體內氧化性傷害與抗氧化物質濃度之差異--------------------------85
表4-14 銅二次冶煉廠與氧化鋅回收廠勞工喝酒狀態對於抽菸與不抽菸勞工體內氧化性傷害與抗氧化物質濃度之差異------------86
表4-15 銅二次冶煉廠與氧化鋅回收廠勞工血液中PCDD/Fs濃度與其體內氧化性傷害與抗氧化物質濃度之差異--------------------87
表4-16 銅二次冶煉廠與氧化鋅回收廠於熔爐與集塵灰處理作業勞工與體內氧化性傷害與抗氧化物質濃度之差異----------------88
表4-17 銅二次冶煉廠與氧化鋅回收廠勞工抽菸狀態對於製造管理部門勞工體內氧化性傷害與抗氧化物質濃度之差異------------89
表4-18 銅二次冶煉廠與氧化鋅回收廠勞工氧化性傷害及脂質過氧化反應與干擾因子 (年齡、喝酒、抽菸狀態及職業暴露)之複回歸分析-------------------------------------------------------90
表4-19 銅二次冶煉廠與氧化鋅回收廠勞工之工作部門勞工其疾病史之差異------------------------------------------------91
表5-1 國際間職業暴露勞工體內氧化性傷害指標8-OH-dG之研究95
表5-2 國際間職業暴露勞工體內氧化性傷害指標DNA strand breakage之研究---------------------------------------96
表5-3 國際間職業暴露勞工體內脂質過氧化反應指標MDA之研究--97
表5-4 國際間職業暴露勞工體內抗氧化物質SOD活性之研究結果--98
表5-5 國際間職業暴露勞工體內抗氧化物質GSH濃度之研究結果--99
表5-6 台灣地區建議國人抗氧化劑攝取量與台灣區營養平均攝取量問卷調查結果----------------------------------------------100


圖3-1 銅二次冶煉廠與氧化鋅回收廠勞工氧化性傷害與抗氧化物質研究架構圖------------------------------------------------23
圖3-2 8-OH-dG standards 檢量線--------------------------28
圖3-3 GSH standards 檢量線------------------------------30
圖3-4 人體血液中DNA於螢光顯微鏡下之拖尾程度-------------32
圖3-5 MDA standards 檢量線------------------------------33
圖4-1 銅二次冶煉廠與鋅回收廠勞工之抗氧化劑攝取量其體內氧化性傷害、抗氧化物質濃度與脂質過氧化反應之差異--------------94

附 件
附件一-----------------------------------------------101
附件二-----------------------------------------------106
附件三-----------------------------------------------114
附件四-----------------------------------------------118
附件五-----------------------------------------------119

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