臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究於2005年在蓮華池試驗林收集溼沉降，同時在天然林及人工林集水區收集溪流水，分析溼沉降及溪流水的主要離子濃度，探討森林生態系統中營養元輸出入特性，比較不同林相營養元輸出入的異同。分析結果發現2005年溼沉降的平均pH為4.86，低於酸雨標準，也比十年前的研究結果5.51為低。酸性汙染物排放減少以及兩次研究間取樣方式的差異（十年前發表的研究為混沉降而本研究為濕沉降），皆是pH變化的可能原因。以季節性而言，pH以冬 (4.58)、春 (4.79) 較低，夏 (4.93)、秋 (5.25) 較高，一般認為冬季及春季來自大陸的長程傳輸是造成雨水酸度強的重要原因。以所有離子總沉降量來看，春夏二季沉降量高於秋冬二季，其中酸性沉降物質NO3-與SO42-在春夏二季的輸入量分別約佔年輸入量80%，此差異主要來源為季節性降雨量的不同，因為蓮華池地區春夏雨量佔年降雨的80%以上。蓮華池試驗林雨水中Na+與Cl-的濃度，低於同位於中部的台中市，台中市則低於彰化市，顯示海鹽的影響隨著與海岸距離加大而遞減。本研究硫及無機氮的沉降量各約為10.5及13.8 kg/ha/yr，較美國酸沉降量高。蓮華池試驗林硫酸根的沉降量與中部數個森林生態系相當，然無機氮的沉降量則比中部其它森林高出相當多，這顯示氮的沉降型態較硫具地方性。蓮華池試驗林附近活躍的農業活動中所使用的含氮肥料，應是本試驗地氮沉降量較中部其它森林生態系高的重要原因。
蓮華池試驗林的溪流水離子濃度與流量間的關係可分為四種：(1)稀釋作用---電導度、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、SO42-、HCO3-，以上離子主要來源為深層地下水，在高流量時因被雨水、表層土壤水加入而稀釋 (2)接近水文增加作用--- NO3-，與其易被淋溶而隨近地表水進入溪流有關；(3)水文恆定--- Cl-，主要是因其在岩石中含量低又不隨季節性升降；(4)其他--- NH4+、K+、H+；與流量無明顯關係。在皆伐後的第24年，NH4+和NO3-不管在天然林、人工林是惟二輸入大於輸出的營養元，在春夏二季的淨收入量約佔全年的八成，顯示生態系在生長季仍大量需要氮，且人工林的淨收入都比天然林為高，表示人工林在栽植二十多年以後，仍需要比天然林此二種營養元以供生長所需。另外，在人工林集水區的鹽基陽離子Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+年輸出量仍是天然林的1.4~1.8倍之間。

Precipitation and stream water (including natural hardwood and conifer plantation watersheds) in Lien-hua-chi Experimental Forest were collected in 2005 to examine its chemical composition and evaluate nutrient input and output in a natural hardwood forest and a conifer plantation. Results indicate that the volume-weighted mean annual pH of wet-only precipitation was 4.84, lower than the criterion for acid rain (pH < 5.0). It was also lower than the value measured a decade ago at the same site (5.51), despite decreases in the emission of acidic pollutants over the same period of time. Coincident decreases in the emission of particulate pollutants with high concentrations of acid-neutralizing base cations, as well as differences in the collection methods (wet-only versus bulk precipitation) were possible explanations for the observed difference in precipitation pH. Seasonally, the lower pH occurred in spring (4.79) and winter (4.58) while summer (4.93) and fall (5.25) had higher pH. This pattern is in agreement with many other studies throughout Taiwan and is often attributed to the high contribution of pollutants transported from mainland China in the winter and spring. The deposition of all ions was much higher in spring and summer than in fall and winter. For acidic pollutants (sulfate and nitrate) the deposition in the spring and summer accounted for approximately 80% of the annual deposition. This asymmetry is attributable to the much higher quantity of precipitation in the summer and spring which comprised more than 80% of the annual rainfall. Volum-weighted annual mean concentration of Na+ (12.5 �惷q/L) and Cl- (7.9 �惷q/L) in precipitation at Lien-hua-chi Experimental Forest is lower than that in Taichung City (14.1 �惷q/L and 16.9 �惷q/L, respectively) which in turn is lower than that in Changhua City (23.3 �惷q/L and 29.1 �惷q/L, respectively) indicating a trend of decreasing oceanic influences with increasing distance from the coast. The rates of S and inorganic N deposition, approximately 11 kg/ha/yr, were higher than in northeastern America where high acid deposition is a major concern in forest nutrient cycling and health. The impact of such high acidic deposition on forest ecosystems of Taiwan needs to be examined thoroughly. The rate of S deposition observed in Lien-hua-chi Experimental Forest is similar to several other forest ecosystems in central Taiwan whereas the rate of N deposition at Lien-hua-chi Experimental Forest is considerably higher. It appears that high N deposition is more localized than S deposition. The application of commercial fertilizers around Lien-hua-chi Experimental Forest is likely the key to the observed higher N deposition at our study site compared to other forest ecosystems in central Taiwan.
Four types of hydrological controls were used to describe how concentrations of different elements changed as a function of increased stream water discharge. The first type includes conductivity, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42- and HCO3-, and can be described as dilution. Their concentrations decreased with increased stream water discharge possibly due to decreased relative contributions by baseflow source. Nitrate belongs to a second type that can be described as enhanced hydrological access possibly because it is mainly derived form the leaching associated with near surface water. Chloride can be described as the third form known as hydrologically constant because its concentration remain relatively unchanged throughout the entire water year. Finally a fourth type includes NH4+、K+、and H+. Elements in this group have no distinct relationship with discharge. Twenty-four years after clear-cutting, NH4+ and NO3- were the only two elements showing net gain state in the conifer plantation, especially in growing season (spring and summer) which contributed about 80 % of annual net gain. Possibly the 23 years old conifer plantation still needs considerable amount of inorganic N resulting in itse retention. Twenty-three years after the cutting the annual loss of base cations, Na, Ca2+ and Mg2+, in the conifer plantation were 1.4 ~ 1.8 times higher than in the natural hardwood forest.

目 錄

第一章 研究背景與目的 1
第一節 小集水區之營養收支研究 2
一、乾沉降與濕沉降 2
二、物質輸入與輸出之收集、測量與定量 3
第二節 台灣的營養循環研究 3
一、天然林與人工林之比較 7
二、台灣不同地區森林之酸沉降問題 7
三、蓮華池試驗林之獨特機會 8
第二章 研究材料與方法 10
第一節 採樣地點及方法 14
一、採樣地概述 14
二、溼沉降及溪水採樣化學濃度分析 16
第二節 資料分析方法 17
一、資料品質篩選 17
二、基本統計量分析 18
三、因子分析 20
第三章 結果與討論 22
第一節 溼沉降輸入 22
一、降水資料基本統計量 22
二、溼沉降的pH、離子濃度的季節性變化 26
三、溼沉降成分組成特性 29
四、溼沉降化學成分的來源 33
第二節 溪水輸出 36
一、溪水資料基本統計量 36
二、溪水的pH、離子濃度的季節性變化 43
三、溪水離子濃度與流量的關係 46
四、溪水成分組成與來源 53
第三節 營養元收支 57
一、氮 (NH4+、NO3-) 58
二、硫酸根 (SO42-) 59
三、鉀 (K+)、鈣 (Ca2+)、鎂 (Mg2+) 60
四、氯 (Cl-)、鈉 (Na+) 61
五、碳酸氫根 (HCO3-) 61
第四章 結論 66
參考文獻 68
附錄 79

圖 次
圖 2-1 蓮華池研究中心2005年降雨量、逕流量及氣溫...12
圖 2-2 研究地點...13
圖 3-1 蓮華池試驗林溼沉降次數分布圖...25
圖 3-2 蓮華池試驗林溼沉降月加權平均pH...25
圖 3-3 蓮華池試驗林月降雨量與離子濃度...28
圖 3-4 蓮華池試驗林天然林與人工林溪水pH次數分布圖...39
圖 3-5 蓮華池試驗林天然林與人工林溪水月加權平均...40
圖 3-6 蓮華池試驗林天然林與人工林溪水離子濃度...45
圖 3-7 溪水濃度與流量間的關係圖...51
圖 3-8 蓮華池試驗林集水區溪水月濃度變化...63
圖 3-9蓮華池試驗林月營養元輸出入收支...64

表 次
表1-1 台灣森林生態系營養元輸出入研究成果...6
表2-1 蓮華池試驗集水區地形素...15
表3-1 蓮華池試驗林溼沉降離子濃度範圍...24
表3-2 台灣不同試驗地溼沉降輸入的比較...32
表3-3 台灣不同試驗地溼沉降化學離子濃度...32
表3-4 蓮華池試驗林溼沉降化學相關矩陣...35
表3-5 最大變異法轉軸前後的年度溼沉降化學組成因子分析...35
表3-6 蓮華池天然林溪水離子濃度範圍...41
表3-7 蓮華池人工林溪水離子濃度範圍...41
表3-8 台灣森林集水區溪水離子濃度組成...42
表3-9 流速與溪水化學間相關係數...46
表3-10 蓮華池天然林溪水離子濃度與流量關係分析結果...47
表3-11 蓮華池人工林溪水離子濃度與流量關係分析結果...47
表3-12 蓮華池天然林溪水化學相關矩陣...55
表3-13 蓮華池人工林溪水化學相關矩陣...55
表3-14 蓮華池試驗林年度溪水化學組成因子分析...56
表3-15 蓮華池試驗林營養元季節性輸出入收支...65

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