臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

電力電子已廣泛地應用於各種高功率之產品，其中包括電熱控制、照明控制、電機控制、電源轉換器及高壓直流直系統等等，因此如何當轉換器在轉換的過程中仍然有好的轉換效率顯得格外重要。本論文中將說明所提出的硬切式高效率直流對直流的新型降-升壓式轉換器如何選擇零件，使得轉換器在操作於連續及不連續的情況下仍然有良好的轉換效率。其文章說明的內容包含了控制分析、電路組成、及輸入電壓36V轉換輸出高電壓60V實驗結果。此外，本論文所提出的新型降-升壓式轉換器裡的電路控制也可運用於其它轉換器上如降壓式轉換器、升壓式轉換器、反馳式轉換器等。另外在電路設計方面，則先以Ispice輔助軟體完成轉換器之電路模擬波形，之後再由模擬所得參考數據組合來完成實體電路組合與實測之顯示結果。
本文所提出的新型降-升壓式轉換器，它不但節省轉換器電路體積空間，且此新型降-升壓式轉換器不需用低壓降之線性穩壓器就能完成降-升壓模式。最後針對轉換器的操作原理以及參數的計算配合電腦模擬以及實作電路來驗證和探討，證實此電路能夠達到硬性切換的特性以及90%以上高的轉換效率。

Power electronics has been widely used in a variety of high-power products, including power heat control, lighting control, electric machinery control, power converters and HVDC systems, etc., so it’s important how to keep the conversion efficiency of the converter in the process of transformation. This thesis will explain how the hard switching high efficiency DC to DC Novel Buck-Boost Converter to choose the parts, making the converter have good effciency in CCM and DCM situation. The article includes the experimental results of control analysis, constitution of circuit and the input voltage 36V convert to the high voltage output 60V. In addition, the circuit control of A Novel Buck-Boost Converter can be used to the other converters, like buck-boost converter, boost converter and the flyback converter…ect. Also in circuit design, complete the circuit simulate wave with the Ispice, then to complete the measured results with the circuit combination reference data.
This Novel Buck - Boost Converter, which not only save the size of the circuit converter, and it can be able to complete a buck-boost mode without LDO. Finally, according to the operating of the converter, the parameters of the calculation with the computer and circuit implementation, confirmed that this circuit can achieve a hard and fast switching characteristics and high conversion efficiency of more than 90%.

第 一章緒 論……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1
1 . 1 研究動機……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1
1 . 2 研究目的……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1
1.2.1 線性電力轉換器………………………………………………………………………………………………………3
1.2.2 切換式電力轉換器…………………………………………………………………………………………………3
1.2.3 線性式與切換式各方所做之比較………………………………………………………………………8
1.3 論文架構………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………9
第二章降 - 升轉換器電路衍生原理與分析………………………………………………………………10
2.1 轉換器之推演………………………………………………………………………………………………………………10
2.1.1 Buck 轉換器推演…………………………………………………………………………………………………10
2.1.2 Boost 轉換器推演………………………………………………………………………………………………11
2.1.3 Buck-Boost 轉換器推演…………………………………………………………………………………12
2.2 降-升壓式轉換器之分析……………………………………………………………………………………………14
2.2.1 連續導通模式(Continuous Conduction Mode；CCM)……………………16
2.2.2 不連續導通模式(Discontinuous Conduction Mode；DCM)………20
2.3 寄生元件之效應……………………………………………………………………………………………………………22
2.4 輸出電壓漣波…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………24
第三章新 型降- 升壓式轉換器…………………………………………………………………………………………26
3.1 新型降-升壓式轉換器動作原理………………………………………………………………………………26
3.1.1 連續電流操作模式(CCM)……………………………………………………………………………………28
3.1.2 不連續電流操作模式(DCM)…………………………………………………………………………………32
3.2 電力轉換器設計考量……………………………………………………………………………………………………37
3.3 新型降-升壓式轉換器之參數設計…………………………………………………………………………39
3.3.1 直流儲能電感器之設計…………………………………………………………………………………………40
3.3.2 功率開關之選擇………………………………………………………………………………………………………41
3.3.3開關之控制驅動訊號設計………………………………………………………………………………………41
3.3.4 飛輪二極體D1、D2 之選擇…………………………………………………………………………………42
第四章模擬與實測波形…………………………………………………………………………………………………………43
4.1 模擬與實測……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………43
4.1.1 連續電流導通模式(CCM)各元件上模擬與實測波形……………………………………44
4.1.2 不連續電流導通模式(DCM)各元件上模擬與實測波形………………………………63
第五章結 論與未來展望……………………………………………………………………………………………………82
5.1 結論……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………82
5.2 未來展望………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………83
參考文獻…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………84
圖目錄
圖 1-1 轉換器系統方塊圖…………………………………………………………………………………………………2
圖1-2 線性電源供應器之電路架構圖………………………………………………………………………………5
圖1-3 切換式直流電源供應器之電路架構………………………………………………………………………7
圖2-1 基本Buck轉換器之推演………………………………………………………………………………………11
圖2-2 Boost 轉換器之流程與其等效電路…………………………………………………………………12
圖2-3 Buck-Boost 轉換器之流程與其等效電路……………………………………………………14
圖2-4 新型降-升壓轉換器………………………………………………………………………………………………15
圖2-5 開關導通之等效電路……………………………………………………………………………………………16
圖2-6 開關截止等效電路………………………………………………………………………………………………17
圖2-7 降-升壓式轉換器波形:(a)電感器電壓…………………………………………………………19
圖2-7 降-升壓式轉換器波形:(b)電感電流………………………………………………………………19
圖2-7 降-升壓式轉換器波形:(c)二極體電流………………………………………………………19
圖2-7 降-升壓式轉換器波形:(d)電容電流……………………………………………………………19
圖2-8 降-升壓式轉換器之不連續電流操作:(a)電感電壓…………………………………22
圖2-8 降-升壓式轉換器之不連續電流操作:(b)電感電流…………………………………22
圖2-8 降-升壓式轉換器之不連續電流操作:(c)二極體電流……………………………22
圖2-9 二極體與NMOSFET之等效電路與所含之重要寄生元件……………………………23
圖2-10 寄生元件對電壓轉移比值之影響…………………………………………………………………24
圖 2-11 降-升壓轉換器之輸出電壓漣波………………………………………………………………25
圖3-1 新型降-升壓式轉換器架構圖…………………………………………………………………………27
圖3-2 新型降-升轉換器連續模式之時序圖………………………………………………………………29
圖3-3 連續模式動作模式一…………………………………………………………………………………………30
圖3-4 連續模式動作模式二…………………………………………………………………………………………31
圖3-5與D 之關係曲線圖…………………………………………………………………………………………………32
圖3-6 新型降-升轉換器不連續模式之時序圖…………………………………………………………33
圖 3-7 不連續模式動作模式一…………………………………………………………………………………34
圖3-8 不連續模式動作模式二………………………………………………………………………………………35
圖3-9 不連續模式動作模式三…………………………………………………………………………………………36
圖3-10 開關切換電流、電壓及瞬時功率損失……………………………………………………………30
圖4-1新型降-升壓式轉換器模擬電路……………………………………………………………………………43
圖4-2 MOSFET Buck 之VGS1端與Boost 之VGS2端實測波形…………………………46
圖4-3 MOSFET Buck 之VGS1端與Boost 之VGS2端模擬波形…………………………46
圖4-4 儲能電感之電壓VLr 與電流iLr 實測波形……………………………………………………47
圖4-5 儲能電感之電壓VLr 與電流iLr 模擬波形……………………………………………………47
圖4-6 Buck 之MOSFET 訊號VGS1 端及VDS1 端實測波形………………………………48
圖4-7 Buck 之MOSFET 訊號VGS1 端及VDS1 端模擬波形………………………………48
圖4-8 Buck 之MOSFET訊號VGS1端與共用電感電壓VLr實測波形……………………49
圖4-9 Buck 之MOSFET 訊號VGS1端與共用電感電壓VLr模擬波形…………………49
圖4-10 Buck 之MOSFET訊號VGS1端與共用電感電流iLr實測波形…………………50
圖4-11 Buck 之MOSFET訊號VGS1端與共用電感電流iLr模擬波形…………………50
圖4-12 Buck 之MOSFET訊號VGS1與二極體VDR1實測波形………………………………51
圖4-13 Buck 之MOSFET 訊號VGS1 與二極體VDR1 模擬波形………………………51
圖4-14 Buck 之MOSFET電壓VDS1與電流is1實測波形………………………………………52
圖4-15 Buck 之MOSFET 電壓VDS1與電流is1模擬波形……………………………………52
圖4-16 Buck 之二極體電壓VDR1 與電流iDR1 實測波形…………………………………53
圖4-17 Buck 之二極體電壓VDR1 與電流iDR1 模擬波形…………………………………53
圖4-18 Buck 之MOSFET訊號VGS1端與輸出電容電流ico實測波形…………………54
圖4-19 Buck 之MOSFET訊號VGS1端與輸出電容電流ico模擬波形…………………54
圖4-20 Boost 之MOSFET訊號VGS2端及VDS2端實測波形…………………………………55
圖4-21 Boost 之MOSFET訊號VGS2端及VDS2端模擬波形…………………………………55
圖4-22 Boost 之MOSFET訊號VGS2端與共用電感電壓VLr實測波形………………56
圖4-23 Boost 之MOSFET訊號VGS2端與共用電感電壓VLr模擬波形………………56
圖4-24 Boost 之MOSFET訊號VGS2端與共用電感電流iLr實測波形………………57
圖4-25 Boost 之MOSFET訊號VGS2端與共用電感電流iLr模擬波形………………57
圖4-26 Boost 之MOSFET訊號VGS2端與二極體電壓VDR2實測波形………………58
圖4-27 Boost 之MOSFET訊號VGS2端與二極體電壓VDR2模擬波形………………58
圖4-28 Boost MOSFET之電壓VDS2端及電流is2端實測波形……………………………59
圖4-29 Boost MOSFET之電壓VDS2端及電流is2端模擬波形……………………………59
圖4-30 Boost之二極體電壓VDR2端及電流iDR2端實測波形………………………………60
圖4-31 Boost之二極體電壓VDR2端及電流iDR2端模擬波形………………………………60
圖4-32 Boost 之MOSFET訊號VGS2端與輸出電流ico實測波形…………………………61
圖4-33 Boost 之MOSFET訊號VGS2端與輸出電流ico模擬波形…………………………61
圖4-34 新型降-升壓式轉換器輸出之電壓Vo端與電流Io實測波形………………………62
圖4-35 新型降-升壓式轉換器輸出之電壓Vo端與電流Io模擬波形………………………62
圖4-36 MOSFET Buck 之VGS1端與Boost 之VGS2端實測波形………………………65
圖4-37 MOSFET Buck 之VGS1端與Boost 之VGS2端模擬波形………………………65
圖4-38 儲能電感之電壓VLr與電流iLr實測波形………………………………………………………66
圖4-39 儲能電感之電壓VLr與電流iLr模擬波形………………………………………………………66
圖4-40 Buck 之MOSFET訊號VGS1端及VDS1端實測波形………………………………………67
圖4-41 Buck 之MOSFET訊號VGS1端及VDS1端模擬波形………………………………………67
圖4-42 Buck 之MOSFET訊號VGS1端與共用電感電壓VLr實測波形……………………68
圖4-43 Buck 之MOSFET訊號VGS1端與共用電感電壓VLr模擬波形……………………68
圖4-44 Buck 之MOSFET訊號VGS1端與共用電感電流iLr實測波形……………………69
圖4-45 Buck 之MOSFET訊號VGS1端與共用電感電流iLr模擬波形……………………69
圖4-46 Buck 之MOSFET訊號VGS1與二極體VDR1實測波形…………………………………70
圖 4-47 Buck 之MOSFET訊號VGS1與二極體VDR1模擬波形………………………………70
圖5-48 Buck 之MOSFET電壓VDS1與電流is1實測波形…………………………………………71
圖5-49 Buck 之MOSFET電壓VDS1與電流is1模擬波形…………………………………………71
圖4-50 Buck 之二極體電壓VDR1 與電流iDR1 實測波形……………………………………72
圖4-51 Buck 之二極體電壓VDR1 與電流iDR1 模擬波形……………………………………72
圖4-52 Buck 之MOSFET訊號VGS1端與輸出電容電流ico實測波形……………………73
圖4-53 Buck 之MOSFET訊號VGS1端與輸出電容電流ico模擬波形……………………73
圖4-54 Boost 之MOSFET訊號VGS2端及VDS2端實測波形……………………………………74
圖4-55 Boost 之MOSFET訊號VGS2端及VDS2端模擬波形……………………………………74
圖4-56 Boost 之MOSFET訊號VGS2端與共用電感電壓VLr實測波形…………………75
圖4-57 Boost 之MOSFET訊號VGS2端與共用電感電壓VLr模擬波形…………………75
圖4-58 Boost 之MOSFET訊號VGS2端與共用電感電流iLr實測波形…………………76
圖4-59 Boost 之MOSFET訊號VGS2端與共用電感電流iLr模擬波形…………………76
圖4-60 Boost 之MOSFET訊號VGS2端與二極體電壓VDR2實測波形…………………77
圖4-61 Boost 之MOSFET訊號VGS2端與二極體電壓VDR2模擬波形…………………77
圖5-62 Boost MOSFET之電VDS2端及電流is2端實測波形…………………………………78
圖5-63 Boost MOSFET之電VDS2端及電流is2端模擬波形…………………………………78
圖4-64 Boost之二極體電壓VDR2端及電流iDR2端實測波形………………………………79
圖4-65 Boost之二極體電壓VDR2端及電流iDR2端模擬波形………………………………79
圖 4-66 Boost 之MOSFET訊號VGS2端與輸出電流ico實測波形……………………80
圖4-67 Boost 之MOSFET訊號VGS2端與輸出電流ico模擬波形………………………80
圖4-68 新型降-升壓式轉換器輸出之電壓Vo 端與電流Io 實測波形………………81
圖4-69 新型降-升壓式轉換器輸出之電壓Vo 端與電流Io 模擬波形………………81
表目錄
表1-1線性式與切換式調整器之性能比較………………………………………………………………………8
表4-1 新型降-升壓式轉換器模擬與實測條件……………………………………………………………44
附錄目錄
附錄(A) TL494 與功率元件介紹…………………………………………………………………………………88
A.1 基本切換式介紹…………………………………………………………………………………………………………88
A.1.1 切換介紹…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………88
A.1.2 同步開關之原理……………………………………………………………………………………………………91
A.2 功率元件介紹………………………………………………………………………………………………………………93
A.2.1 增強型MOSFET………………………………………………………………………………………………………95
A.2.2 Bipolar Transistor……………………………………………………………………………………96
A.2.3 IGBT…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………99
A.2.4 Diode……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………100
A.3 無隔離行高頻直流轉換器PWM切換原理………………………………………………………………103
A.4 TL494 電壓控制模式……………………………………………………………………………………………106
附錄圖與表目錄
圖 A-1 (a)開關從截止切換至導通時之充電……………………………………………………………89
圖A-1 (b)放電路徑及Vgs 之上升時序……………………………………………………………………89
圖 A-2 (a)開關從導通切換至截止時之充電……………………………………………………………90
圖A-2 (b)放電路徑Vgs之下降時序……………………………………………………………………………90
圖A-3 雙轉換器之主動開關共節點………………………………………………………………………………91
圖A-4 同步開關之等效電路架構……………………………………………………………………………………93
圖A-5 開關……………………………………………………………………………………………………………94
圖 A-6 N-CHANNEL MOSFET 的符號表示………………………………………………………………95
圖A-7(a)MOSFET 的輸出特性曲線圖…………………………………………………………………………96
圖A-7 (b)N-CHANNEL 做為理想開關特性曲線………………………………………………………96
圖A-8 BJT 符號…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………97
圖A-9 (a)BJT 飽和型式理想特性圖…………………………………………………………………………98
圖A-9 (b)BJT輸出特性曲線圖……………………………………………………………………………………98
圖A-10 BJT 轉換波形圖………………………………………………………………………………………………98
圖A-11 IGBT 的符號…………………………………………………………………………………………99
圖A-12 (a) IGBT 輸出特性曲線圖………………………………………………………………………100
圖A-12 (b)IGBT 開關特性曲線圖…………………………………………………………………………100
圖A-13 (a)n-channel IGBT一般等效電路圖……………………………………………………100
圖 A-13 (b)n-channel IGBT 完整等效電路圖……………………………………………100
圖A-14 Diode 的符號………………………………………………………………………………………………101
圖A-15 diode turn-off ……………………………………………………………………………………101
圖A-16 (a) Diode 輸出特性曲線…………………………………………………………………………102
圖A-16 (b) Diode 理想特性曲線圖……………………………………………………………………102
圖A-17 FORWARD 架構自激式同步整流電路…………………………………………………………102
圖A-18(a)電壓準位轉換原理………………………………………………………………………………………104
圖A-18 (b)切換式DC/DC 電流轉換器之原理………………………………………………………104
圖A-19 脈波寬度調變器:(a)方塊圖………………………………………………………………………105
圖A-19 脈波寬度調變器:(b)比較信號…………………………………………………………………105
圖A-20 直流轉換器………………………………………………………………………………………………………106
圖A-21TL494 電壓控制模式電路架構圖………………………………………………………………107
圖A-22 TL494 PWM控制器時序波形圖…………………………………………………………………108
圖A-23 TL494 PWM 控制器內部方塊圖………………………………………………………………111
表A-1 TL494 腳位功能敘述……………………………………………………………………………………112

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