臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

微機電系統是由微感測器、微執行器、信號處理和控制電路、通訊介面和電源等部件組成的一體化的微型器件系統。其目標是把資訊的獲取、處理和執行集成在一起，組成具有多功能的微型系統。

無線感測網路對於寬廣範圍的應用領域開啟了一個新的展望，其中一個在無線感測網路上最主要的應用即為對連續移動物件做偵測和追蹤，像是森林火災、生化原料等，此研究發展一個連續物件偵測和追蹤演算法（Continuous Object Detection and Tracking Algorithm)來處理此議題，命名為CODA，以混合動態╱靜態叢集技術為基礎。每一個感測節點經由使用CODA後，不僅可以偵測和追蹤物件移動的邊界且能幫助收集和散播邊緣資訊。經由Qualnet模擬的實驗結果證明此研究所提出的演算法是強健且有效率的。

With the advancement of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems
（MEMS） technologies, wireless sensor networks have been
opened new vistas for a wide range of application domains.

One of primary applications in wireless sensor network is
detecting and tracking continuously moving objects, such as wild fire, bio-chemical material, and so forth.

This study addresses this issue by developing a Continuous
Object Detection and Tracking Algorithm, designated as CODA, based on a hybrid dynamic/statistic cluster technique.

Through the use of CODA mechanism, each sensor node not only can detect and track the movement boundaries of objects but also facilitate the fusion and dissemination of boundary information. A series simulation results performed using a Qualnet simulator confirm the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

中文摘要 i
英文摘要 ii
誌謝 iii
目錄 iv
圖目錄 vi
表目錄 viii
第一章 01
緒論 01
1.1 無線感測網路概論 02
1.1.1 無線感測網路的特性 02
1.1.2 無線感測網路和無線網路點對點傳輸的異同 04
1.1.3 無線感測網路的架構 05
1.2 研究動機與目的 09
1.3 論文架構 10
第二章 11
相關研究 11
2.1 叢集式網路架構 11
2.1.1 以訊號為基礎架構-LEACH 11
2.1.2 以階層為基礎架構-TEEN 14
2.1.2 以鏈狀為基礎架構-PEGASIS 15
2.2 物件追蹤的分類 18
2.2.1 獨立物件的追蹤 18
2.2.2 連續物件的追蹤 18
2.3 物件追蹤的方法 19
2.3.1 以樹狀結構方式來追蹤 19
2.3.2 以叢集式架構方式來追蹤 20
2.3.3以預測的方式來追蹤 22
2.4 凸包（convex hull） 23
2.4.1葛立恆掃描法-Graham scan 26
第三章 27
連續物件追蹤演算法 27
3.1 系統環境建置 27
3.1.1 環境初始化 28
3.2 連續物件追蹤的情境 31
3.2.1 物件位於同一個靜態叢集式網路 31
3.2.2 物件橫跨兩個靜態叢集式網路 33
3.2.3 物件橫跨三個以上靜態叢集式網路 36
3.2.4 物件涵蓋整個靜態叢集式網路 39
3.2.5 凹邊形連續物件追蹤適用的叢集式架構 42
3.2.6 邊緣識別和追蹤 45
第四章 47
效能模擬 47
4.1 模擬環境 47
4.1.1 模擬參數與假設 47
4.2 模擬結果與分析 49
4.2.1 收集邊緣資訊所需耗費的通訊成本 49
4.2.2 感測節點密度對於估算邊緣資訊準確度的影響 52
4.2.3 連續物件邊緣擴散速率變化所產生的影響 54
4.2.4 連續物件橫跨固定叢集所花費的通訊成本 57
第五章結論與未來工作 60
參考文獻 62

[1] I. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam and E. Cayirci, ” Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey,” Computer Networks, vol. 38, no. 4, March 2002.
[2] I. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam and E. Cayirci, ”A Survey on Sensor Networks,” in Proc. IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.40, Issue 8, pp102-113, Aug. 2002.
[3] S.J Baek and G..D Veciana, “Spatial Energy Balancing through Proactive Multipath Routing in Wirelss Multihop Networks,” IEEE/ACM Transaction on Networking, vol. 15, pp. 93-104, Feb. 2007.
[4] G. Chockler, S. Gilbert and B. Patt-Shamir, “Communication-efficient Probabilistic Quorum Systems for Sensor Networks” in Proc. IEEE PERCOMW, 5pp. March. 2006.
[5] J. Chen, Y. and U. Pooch, ”Customizing A Geographical Routing Protocol For Wireless Sensor Network” in Proc. IEEE ITCC, pp586-591. , April. 2005.
[6] W. P Chen, J.C Hou, and L. Sha, “Dynamic Clustering for Acoustic Target Tracking in Wireless Sensor Networks,” IEEE Trans. on Mobile Computing, vol. 3, issue. 3, pp. 258-271, Aug. 2004.
[7] M. Eltoweissy, M. Moharrum and R. Mukkamala, “Dynamic Key Management in Sensor Network” in Proc. IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.44, Issue 4, pp122-130, April. 2006.
[8] W. Eddy, "A New Convex Hull Algorithm for Planar Sets", ACM Trans. Math. Software vol. 3 no. 4, pp. 398-403, 1977.
[9] H. Gharavi and K. Ban, “Multihop Sensor Network Design for Wide-band communications,” Proceeding of the IEEE, vol. 91, pp. 1221-1234, Aug. 2003.
[10] M.J Handy, M. Haase, and D. Timmermann, ”Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy with Deterministic Cluster-head Selection,” in Proc. IEEE MWCN, pp. 368-372, Sept. 2002.
[11] T. He, L. Gu, L. Luo, T. Yan, J.A Stankovic and S.H Son,“An Overview of Data Aggregation Architecture for Real-time Tracking with Sensor Networks” in Proc. IEEE IPDPS, 8pp. April. 2006.
[12] Y.T Hou, Y. Shi, J. Pan and S.F Midkiff, “Maximizing the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks through Optimal” Single-Session Flow Routing” IEEE Transaction on Mobile Computing, vol. 5, pp.1255-1266, Sept. 2006.
[13] F. Ingelrest, D. Simplot-Ryl and I. Stojmenovic, “Optimal Transmission Radius for Energy Efficient Broadcasting Protocols in Ad-hoc and Sensor Network” IEEE Transaction on Parallel and Distributed Systems, vol. 18, Issue 5, pp.536-547, May. 2006.
[14] M. Jian, G. Min, Z. Qian and M. Ni Lionel, “Energy-Efficient Localized Topology Control Algorithms in 802.15.4-Based Sensor Networks” IEEE Transaction on Parallel and Distributed Systems, vol. 17, Issue 6, pp.711-720, June. 2007.
[15] X. Ji, H. Zha, J. Metzner, and G. Kesidis ,“Dynamic Cluster Structure for Object Detection and Tracking in Wireless Ad-hoc Sensor Networks,” in Proc. IEEE ICC, vol. 7, pp. 3807-3811, June. 2004.
[16] B. H Liu, N. Buluso, H. Pham and S. Jan, ”A Self-organizing, Location-aware Media Access Control Protocol for DS-CDMA Sensor Networks ” in Proc. IEEE Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Systems, pp. 528-530, Oct. 2004.
[17] C.Y Lin, W.C Peng and Y.C Tseng, “Efficient In-network Moving Object Tracking in Wireless Sensor Networks” IEEE Transaction on Mobile Computing, vol. 5, Issue 8, pp.1044-1056, Aug. 2006.
[18] R.A Leon , V. Vittal and G. Manimaran, “Application of Sensor Network for Secure Electric Energy Infrastructure” IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, vol. 22, Issue 2, pp.1021-1028, April. 2007.
[19] S. Lindsey, and C.S Raghavendra ,” PEGASIS: Power-efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems,” in Proc. IEEE AERO, vol.3, pp. 3-1125-3-1130, March. 2002.
[20] X.Y Li, P.J Wan and O. Frieder, ”Coverage in Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Networks” IEEE Transaction on Computers, vol. 52, Issue 6, pp.753-763, June. 2007.
[21] A. Manjeshwar., and D.P Agrawal, ”TEEN: A Routing Protocol for Enhanced Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks,” in Proc. IEEE Int'l Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing Issues in Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing, pp. 2009-2015, Apr. 2001.
[22] Joseph O'Rourke, Computational Geometry in C (2nd Edition), Chap. 3 "Convex Hulls in 2D", 1998.
[23] K. Romer, and F. Mattern, “The Design Space of Wireless Sensor Networks,” in Proc. IEEE Wireless Communication,Vol.11, Issue 6, pp57-61, Dec. 2004.
[24] S. Ram, Sundhar, D. Manjunath, K. Iyer Srikanth and D. Yogeshwaran,“On the Path Coverage Properties of Random Sensor Networks” IEEE Transaction on Mobile Computing, vol. 6, Issue 5, pp.446-458, May. 2007.
[25] V. Raghunathan, S. Ganeriwal and M. Srivastava,b “Emerging Technique for Long Lived Wireless Sensor Networks” in Proc. IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.44, Issue 4, pp108-114, April. 2006.
[26] T.V Srinath, ”Localization in Resource Constrained Sensor Networks Using A Mobile Beacon with In-ranging ” in Proc. IEEE WOCN, 5pp. , April. 2006.
[27] Y. Xu, J. Winter and W.C Lee, “Prediction-Based Strategies for Energy Saving in Object Tracking Sensor Networks” in Proc. IEEE MDM, pp. 346-357, Jan. 2004.
[28] Y. Xu, J. Winter and W.C Lee, “Dual Prediction-Based Reporting for Object Tracking Sensor Networks,” in Proc. IEEE MOBIQUITOUS, pp. 154-163, Aug. 2004.
[29] W.L Yeow, C.K Tham and W.C Wong, “Energy Efficient Multiple Target Tracking in Wireless Sensor Networks” IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology, vol. 56, Issue 2, pp.918-928, March. 2007.
[30] W. Zhang and G. Cao,“Optimizing Tree Reconfiguration for Mobile Target Tracking in Sensor Networks” in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, vol. 4, pp. 2434-2445, March 2004.
[31] W. Zhang and G. Cao, “DCTC: Dynamic Convoy Tree-Based Collaboration for Target Tracking in Sensor Networks,” IEEE Transaction on Wireless Communication, vol. 3, no. 5, Sept. 2004.
[32] Qualnet simulator “http://www.qualnet.com