臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

再生能源的發展已成為近幾年各國重視的議題之一，由於太陽光電發電裝置併入容量增加，為瞭解太陽能模組受移動雲層遮陰效應所產生的電壓變動對配電饋線造成的影響，本論文使用移動雲層遮陰模型進行模擬並分析，並在分析之後用隨機法來增加系統的太陽能裝置容量。本文提出以OpenDSS求解饋線之電壓變動性之評估流程，藉由OpenDSS提供快速潮流計算功能，並開發一系列模擬方法與COM介面，最後結合Matlab與Guide介面方便使用者進行移動雲層遮陰模型的模擬。在雲層遮蔭模擬完成後，本文將與實際量測資料進行比對，並觀察模擬結果是否與實際結果相似。本文另一目的是在雲層遮蔭的影響下增加系統的太陽能裝置容量，使用蒙地卡羅法來增加太陽能裝置容量，並且使用大量隨機模擬結果來觀察如何增加太陽能裝置容量可以在不違反規範下增加最大的容量。

This thesis presents a moving cloud shadows model to evaluate PVs’ impacts on voltage quality due to cloud shadows movement over high-penetration PVs in a distribution system. After cloud shadows simulation is done, the study uses stochastic approach to increase the PV hosting capacity of the system.
The model built is incorporated with EPRI Open Distribution System Simulator (OpenDSS or DSS) to estimate voltage fluctuations on distribution system feeders. After OpenDSS simulation is performed, the graphical user interface developed by Matlab Graphic User Interface (GUI) can be used to simulate moving cloud shadows. The thesis also compares simulation results with actual measured data to validate the usefulness of the proposed model.
Another goal of the study is to increase the PV penetration of the system by applying Monte Carlo simulation to increase the PV hosting capacity, and assess the maximum capacity can be reached without violating the system operation constraints.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS i
中文摘要 ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES viii
I. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background and Motive 1
1.2 Organization 3
II. PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) SYSTEM 4
2.1 Brief Overview of PV System 4
2.1.1 Generic Model 4
2.1.2 Equivalent Circuit Model 5
2.2 Regulation Standards of Grid-connect PV System 8
2.2.1 Definition 8
2.2.2 Classification of Grid-connect Renewable System 8
2.2.3 Standard of Operation 9
2.3 Increasing PV Hosting Capacity 10
2.3.1 Overview of Monte Carlo Methods 10
III. VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS CAUSED BY MOVING CLOUD SHADOWS 12
3.1 Description of Voltage Fluctuations 12
3.1.1 Voltage Fluctuations Caused by PV Output Variation 12
3.2 Overview of Methods to Evaluate Voltage Fluctuations 14
3.3 Moving Cloud Shadows Method 15
3.3.1 Shadow Tracking 15
3.3.2 Evaluation of Moving Cloud Shadows 18
IV. CASE STUDY 23
4.1 Overview of Tu-Ku PV System Model 23
4.2 Co-Simulation of Matlab and OpenDSS 28
4.3 Voltage Fluctuations Evaluation Platform 31
4.4 Impacts on Changing the Parameters 37
4.5 Comparing Simulation Results with Actual Data 42
4.6 Propose Stochastic Analysis on PV Hosting Capacity 45
4.6.1 Determining Weak Points in the Studied System 45
4.6.2 Use Monte Carlo Methods to Increase PV Hosting Capacity 46
4.6.3 Reverse Power after Increasing PV Hosting Capacity 56
V. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORKS 58
5.1 Conclusions 58
5.2 Future Works 58
REFERENCES 59

[1]W. M. Grady, H. Thomas, and A. Razon, "An evaluation procedure for estimating voltage ripple caused by cloud shadows moving over high-penetration PV distribution networks," Proc. 2014 IEEE 16th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP), pp.249-252, May 25-28, 2014
[2]“Solar cell” [Online] Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell
[3]G. M. Masters, Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2004.
[4]台灣電力股份有限公司，「台灣電力股份有限公司再生能源發電系統併聯技術要點」
[5]IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources to Electric Power Systems, IEEE Standard 1547 – 2003
[6]“An Overview of Monte Carlo Methods” [Online] Available: https://towardsdatascience.com/an-overview-of-monte-carlo-methods-675384eb1694
[7]G. E. Constante-Flores and M. Illindala, “Data-driven probabilistic power flow analysis for a distribution system with renewable energy sources using monte carlo simulation,” in 2017 IEEE/IAS 53rd Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference (I CPS), May 2017, pp. 1–8.
[8]J. R. Agüero and S. J. Steffel, "Integration challenges of photovoltaic distributed generation on power distribution systems," Proc. of Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2011 IEEE, pp.1,6, 24-29 July 2011
[9]Z. Liu, B. Yuan, Y. Xiao, and Z. Wang, "Research on voltage fluctuation mitigation scheme caused by MW PV substation connections," 2011 International Conference on Advanced Power System Automation and Protection (APAP), vol.3, pp.2370-2373, Oct 16-20, 2011
[10]A. Woyte, V. T. Vu, R. Belmans, and J. Nijs, "Voltage fluctuations on distribution level introduced by photovoltaic systems," , IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol.21, no.1, pp.202-209, March, 2006
[11]R. Yan, S. Roediger, T. K. Saha, "Impact of photovoltaic power fluctuations by moving clouds on network voltage: A case study of an urban network," Proc. of Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC), 2011 21st Australasian, pp.1-6 ,Sept 25-28, 2011
[12]C. Chengrui and D. C. Aliprantis, "Cumulus Cloud Shadow Model for Analysis of Power Systems With Photovoltaics," IEEE Trans on Power Systems, vol.28, no.4, pp.4496,4506, Nov. 2013
[13]W. Grady, M. L. Libby, "A cloud shadow model and tracker suitable for studying the impact of high-penetration PV on power systems," Proc. of Energytech, 2012 IEEE , pp.1-6, May 29-31, 2012
[14]G.W. Chang, Y.H. Chen, L.Y. Hsu, Y.Y. Chen, Y.R. Chang, Y.D. Lee. "Study of Impact on High PV-Penetrated Feeder Voltage Due to Moving Cloud Shadows", 2016 International Symposium on Computer, Consumer and Control (IS3C), 4-6 July 2016
[15]“MATLAB 圖形使用者介面設計” [Online] Available: http://web.ntpu.edu.tw/~ccw/statmath/M_gui.pdf
[16]“OpenDSS PVSystem Model” [Online] Available: http://sourceforge.net/p/electricdss/discussion/861977/thread/4a71dbf8/3b2f/attachment/OpenDSS%20PVSystem%20Model.pdf
[17]R. C. Dugan and T. E. McDermott, "An open source platform for collaborating on smart grid research," Proc. of Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2011 IEEE , pp.1-7, July 24-29, 2011
[18]Y. Zhao, L. Wu, W. Song, W. Ren, H. Liu, “An evaluation index system for hybrid wind/PV/energy storage power generation system operating characteristics in multiple spatial and temporal scales,” Renewable Power Generation (RPG 2015), International Conference on. IEEE, pp.1-6, Oct 2015.